Clinical Relevance

Question 1

Harvesting of bone marrow is performed for the cultivation of bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) used in regenerative therapies. The sternum is often a harvest site. How many sternebrae are present in the ruminant and horse?

Answer 1

7

Question 2

The transverse processes of which lumbar vertebrae in the dairy cow are typically palpable?

Answer 2

L2 - L5

Question 3

You operated on a colicking llama 5 days ago and have to go back in because of persistent postoperative colic. The ventral midline incision of the first surgery has become infected (do you get the impression this case is not going so well? These cases keep you humble and test your mettle for sure). To avoid the contaminated midline incision site at the second surgery, you chose to do a ventral paramedian incision, ie parallel to and about 6 cm to the side of midline.

What is the 4th layer of tissue you expect to incise through on your way to the peritoneal cavity and a potentially grim looking abdomen?

Answer 3

Rectus abdominis muscle

Question 4

Clinical Relevance of the supraspinous ligament?

Answer 4

one of a few intervertebral ligaments that are punctured during insertion of a needle for an epidural or a lumbar region cerebrospinal fluid tap

Question 5

Clinical Relevance of the yellow ligament?

Answer 5

must also be penetrated during an epidural or fluid tap and this is the critical ‘resistance’ layer felt as the device is being passed into vertebral canal space

Question 6

What must be reflected to perform a laminectomy?

Answer 6

Transversospinalis mm.

Question 7

What must be reflected to expose the ventral surface of the vertebral column in the neck region, for surgical access?
Surgeries?

Answer 7

longus colli m.
fusion of two cervical vertebrae to treat a fracture, or intervertebral disk disease.

Question 8

Strain/soreness of these muscles can be a cause of lameness

Answer 8

Epaxial mm.

Question 9

Wobbler syndrome surgical approach? Species?

Answer 9

dorsal surgical approach to the cervical vertebrae
dogs

Question 10

Cervical Vertebral Compressive Myelopathy surgical approach?
Species?

Answer 10

ventral approach to the cervical vertebrae
horses

Question 11

Importance of nuchal ligament?

Answer 11

Important elastic structure providing passive suspension support of the head and neck and aiding in elevating the head and neck from a lowered position (e.g. when grazing).

Question 12

Infection of the supraspinous bursa is known as…
Cause?
Prevalence?

Answer 12

Fistulous withers
Brucella abortus
Not seen as often today

Question 13

Infection of the cranial (and caudal) nuchal bursa is referred to as…

Answer 13

poll evil

Question 14

What can dressage lead to over time?

Answer 14

Poll pain

Question 15

What may be torn when a horse falls backwards and rapidly extends its head as it contacts the ground?
Signs?

Answer 15

Longus capitis m.
Hemorrhage from nares and neurological signs

Question 15

Describe kissing spines.

Answer 15

refers to when spinous processes of adjacent thoracic vertebrae contact or articulate with each other, rather than being normally separated with an intervening interspinous ligament.

Question 15

The xiphoid process and its cartilage are important surgically because…

Answer 15

they are an important palpable ventral midline landmark, defining the cranial extent of incisions made into the abdominal cavity.

Question 16

Clinical relevance of ribs?

Answer 16

Rib fractures, bony tumors, thoracic cavity procedures

Question 16

What is a readily accessible source of bone marrow, particularly in large animals, and large dogs?

Answer 16

Sternebrae

Question 17

What is thoracocentesis?

Answer 17

An emergency procedure to restore respiratory function e.g. in the case of acute pneumothorax. Accumulated fluid in the pleural cavity is sampled, and drained, via thoracocentesis.

Question 18

Why is it important to know the general direction of muscle fibers?

Answer 18

Understanding how deep a wound is or performing a thoracotomy

Question 19

What innervates the diaphragm?
Importance clinically?

Answer 19

Phrenic n.
Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter, which has a characteristic respiratory pattern related to the dramatic diaphragm movements

Question 20

What landmark is the most common approach to abdominal surgery. 3 advantages?

Answer 20

linea alba

1. A relatively bloodless incision (minimal vascularity)
2. minimal sensory innervation (less pain)
3. strong tensile strength and holds suture securely

Question 21

external rectus sheath importance?

Answer 21

Strong suture-holding layer that deviate off of the linea alba

Question 22

Laparotomy (flank incision) is performed commonly in ruminants, to perform what?

Answer 22

cesarean section and rumenotomy

Question 23

Spinal nerves associated with the flank?

Answer 23

T13, L1, and L2

Question 24

Subiliac lymph nodes as referred to as?
Palpable in what species?

Answer 24

prefems
NORMAL ruminant

Question 25

What vessels are considered when making an incision into the flank m. of a horse?

Answer 25

cranial branches of the deep circumflex iliac artery and vein