Clinical Psychology - CBTs

Question 1

Cognitive schemas

Answer 1

are core beliefs that develop during childhood as the result of experience and certain biological factors such as biological reactivity to stress. Schemas are enduring, can be maladaptive or adaptive, and are revealed in automatic thoughts. Beck proposed that different disorders are associated with different maladaptive schemas, which are also known as cognitive profiles.

Question 2

According to Beck, the cognitive profile for depression consists of

Answer 2

negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future.

Question 3

Automatic thoughts

Answer 3

are verbal self-statements or mental images that “come to mind spontaneously when triggered by circumstances … [and] intercede between an event or stimulus and the individual’s emotional and behavioral reactions” (Beck & Weishaar, 2014, p. 245). Automatic thoughts can be positive or negative. Negative automatic thoughts are characterized by a distortion of reality, emotional distress, and/or interference with the pursuit of life goals and can contribute to psychological distress (Beck, 1995).

Question 4

Cognitive distortions

Answer 4

are systematic errors in reasoning that often affect thinking when a stressful situation triggers a dysfunctional schema that, in turn, affects the content of automatic thoughts. Common distortions include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, dichotomous thinking, personalization, and emotional reasoning

Question 5

Arbitrary inference

Answer 5

involves drawing negative conclusions without any supporting evidence.

Question 6

Selective abstraction

Answer 6

involves paying attention to and exaggerating a minor negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects of the situation.

Question 7

Dichotomous thinking

Answer 7

is the tendency to classify events as representing one of two extremes – for example, as a success or a failure.

Question 8

Personalization

Answer 8

involves concluding that one’s actions caused an external event without evidence for that conclusion.

Question 9

emotional reasoning

Answer 9

is reliance on one’s emotional state to draw conclusions about oneself, others, and situations.

Question 10

A-B-C-D-E model of REBT

Answer 10

A is an activating event, B is the client’s irrational belief about that event, C is the emotional or behavioral consequence of that belief, D is the therapist’s use of techniques that dispute the client’s irrational belief, and E is the effect of these techniques, which is the replacement of the irrational belief with a more rational one.

Question 11

cognitive modeling stage of self-instructional training

Answer 11

children observe a model perform a task while the model verbalizes instructions aloud.

Question 12

overt external guidance stage of self-instructional training

Answer 12

children perform the same task while the model verbalizes the instructions.

Question 13

overt self-guidance stage of self-instructional training

Answer 13

children perform the task while verbalizing the instructions aloud themselves.

Question 14

faded overt guidance stage of self-instructional training

Answer 14

children perform the task while whispering the instructions.

Question 15

covert self-instruction stage of self-instructional training

Answer 15

children perform the task while repeating the instructions subvocally.

Question 16

conceptualization/education phase of Stress Inoculation Training

Answer 16

clients are provided with information about stress and its effects and are encouraged to view stressful situations as “problems-to-be-solved”

Question 17

skills acquisition and consolidation phase of Stress Inoculation Training

Answer 17

clients learn a variety of cognitive and behavioral coping skills which may include relaxation, self-instruction, and problem-solving

Question 18

application and follow-through phase of Stress Inoculation Training

Answer 18

clients use newly acquired coping skills, first in imagined and role-playing situations and then in real life situations.

Question 19

Clean pain in ACT

Answer 19

natural levels of physical and psychological discomfort that are inevitable and cannot be controlled.

Question 20

Dirty pain in ACT

Answer 20

the emotional suffering that’s caused by attempts to control or resist clean pain.

Question 21

Experiential acceptance in ACT

Answer 21

counters experiential avoidance and is “the active and aware embrace of private experiences without unnecessary attempts to change their frequency or form”

Question 22

Cognitive defusion in ACT

Answer 22

counters cognitive fusion and is the ability to distance oneself from one’s thoughts and feelings and view them as experiences rather than reality.

Question 23

Being present in ACT

Answer 23

counters attentional rigidity to the past and future and involves being in contact with whatever is happening in the present moment.

Question 24

Awareness of self-as-context in ACT

Answer 24

counters attachment to the conceptualized self. It’s the ability to view oneself as the context in which one’s thoughts and feelings occur rather than as the thoughts and feelings themselves.

Question 25

Values-based actions in ACT

Answer 25

counter unclear, compliant, or avoidant motives and depend on the ability to use one’s freely chosen values to guide one’s behaviors.

Question 26

committed action in ACT

Answer 26

counters inaction, impulsivity, and avoidant persistence and refers to a commitment to continue to act in ways consistent with one’s values in the future, even when faced with obstacles.