Clinical Psychology Flashcards
The research suggests that, of the following individuals, ____________ are most likely to report seeking treatment for substance use and/or psychological problems.
A. heterosexual women
B. lesbian and bisexual women
C. heterosexual men
D. gay and bisexual men
B. lesbian and bisexual women
Consistent with other studies, C. E. Grella, L. Greenwell, V. M. Mays, and S. D. Cochran found that lesbian and bisexual women were most likely to report seeking treatment for substance use and mental disorders, followed by gay and bisexual men, heterosexual women, and heterosexual men [Influence of gender, sexual orientation, and need on treatment utilization for substance use and mental disorders: Findings from the California quality of life survey, BMC Psychiatry, 9(52), 1-10, 2009].
Pretest
When using Meichenbaum’s (1977) self-instructional training to help impulsive children control their behaviors while completing certain tasks, the initial step of training involves which of the following? A. covert modeling B. cognitive modeling C. problem specification D. orientation
B. cognitive modeling
Self-instructional training was originally developed to help impulsive children have greater self-control when completing tasks by teaching them to use helpful self-statements to guide their behaviors. It involves five steps: cognitive modeling, overt external guidance, overt self-guidance, faded overt self-guidance, and covert self-instruction.
Pretest
Boyd-Franklin’s (1989) multisystems model:
A. identifies the components of the treatment process and the levels at which each component can be applied.
B. incorporates interventions that target the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem.
C. provides guidelines for applying cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge, and cultural empathy to various aspects of the family system.
D. provides guidelines for assessing and addressing the relationships among individuals and subsystems in the family system.
A. identifies the components of the treatment process and the levels at which each component can be applied.
Boyd-Franklin developed the multisystems model of family therapy specifically for African American families. It consists of two main axes: Axis I consists of the components of the treatment process (e.g., joining, assessing, restructuring), while Axis II consists of the various levels at which the components can be applied (e.g., individual, family, nonblood kin, friends, church, community).
Pretest
Sue and Sue (2015) propose that an African American client who has which of the following is most likely to challenge the credibility and trustworthiness of a White therapist who has an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility.
A. internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility
B. internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility
C. external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility
D. external locus of control and external locus of responsibility
B. internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility
Sue and Sue describe worldview in terms of two dimensions – locus of control and locus of responsibility. They note that an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility are characteristic of Western approaches to psychotherapy. They also state that White therapists with this worldview are likely to have the most problems when working with clients from racial/ethnic minority groups who have an internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility because these clients are most likely to challenge the therapist’s credibility and trustworthiness.
Pretest
With regard to the transtheoretical model, self-reevaluation and self-liberation are most useful for helping clients transition from the:
A. precontemplation to the contemplation stage.
B. contemplation to the preparation stage.
C. preparation to the engagement stage.
D. maintenance to the termination stage.
B. contemplation to the preparation stage.
Self-reevaluation and self-liberation are useful strategies for clients in the contemplation and preparation stages because they help them transition to the next stage – i.e., from the contemplation to the preparation stage and then from the preparation to the action stage. Note that answer C is not correct because engagement is not one of the stages identified by the transtheoretical model.
Pretest
According to Helms’s (1993) White racial identity development model, a person in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage has little awareness of racial/cultural issues and has adopted a race- or culture-neutral perspective. A. conformity B. pre-encounter C. pseudo-independence D. contact
D. contact
Helms’s White racial identity development model distinguishes between six stages (statuses). In order, these are contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy. According to this model, people in the initial contact stage have little awareness of racial or cultural issues, are satisfied with the racial status quo, and have adopted a race- or culture-neutral perspective.
Pretest
During their initial therapy session with Dr. Haley, Maxine complains that her husband, Max, always makes decisions that affect the two of them without consulting her and she sometimes doesn’t like the outcomes of the decisions he makes. Max says that he often makes major decisions without consulting his wife because she tends to get anxious whenever she has to make a decision. Dr. Haley responds by saying that it sounds like Maxine wants Max to consult her before making any decision – big or small – that will affect both of them, even if this might create a problem such as causing them to miss a deadline or opportunity. The paradoxical technique being used by Dr. Haley is referred to as:
A. reframing.
B. restraining.
C. positioning.
D. prescribing.
C. positioning.
When using positioning, a therapist aligns with a client’s position but exaggerates it to make it less desirable to the client. Prescribing (answer D) is not the correct answer because it involves telling the client to deliberately engage in the undesirable behavior, often in an exaggerated way. In the situation described in this question, Maxine describes the undesirable behavior as her husband’s making decisions without consulting her, and the therapist is not asking him to continue doing this.
Pretest
During the first phase of stress inoculation training (SIT), a therapist will most likely help a client:
A. recognize that his/her stress-related performance problems are due to skill deficits.
B. identify ways to minimize the stressors that are negatively impacting his/her life.
C. increase his/her sense of coping self-efficacy for dealing with stress.
D. construct a stress management hierarchy.
A. recognize that his/her stress-related performance problems are due to skill deficits.
SIT consists of three phases (conceptualization, skill acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow-through), and helping clients recognize that stress-related performance problems are due to skill deficits is one of the tasks of the initial conceptualization phase. This is a difficult question but knowing that skill acquisition and rehearsal is the second phase of SIT would have helped you identify the correct answer: It makes sense that, before learning new skills, a client would have to recognize that his/her inability to adequately cope with stress is due to skill deficits. See, e.g., D. Meichenbaum and R. Cameron, Stress inoculation training: Toward a paradigm for training coping skills, in D. Meichenbaum and M. E. Jaremko (Eds.), Stress reduction and prevention (pp. 115-154), New York, Plenum Press, 1983.
Pretest
Transdiagnostic treatments are aimed at disorders that are:
A. included in the same DSM-5 diagnostic category.
B. known to respond best to a combination of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments.
C. caused and maintained by similar core mechanisms.
D. caused by similar cognitive schemas and maintained by similar cognitive distortions.
C. caused and maintained by similar core mechanisms.
EXPLANATION
Answer C is correct. The use of transdiagnostic treatments is based on the assumptions that some diagnoses share certain core biological, psychological, and environmental mechanisms that contribute to and maintain them and that treatment should focus on those common mechanisms. Answer A is not the best answer because transdiagnostic treatments can address disorders in the same or different diagnostic categories (e.g., anxiety disorders only or anxiety disorders and depressive disorders). Answer D is not the best answer because similar cognitive schemas and distortions can be a core mechanism for some disorders, but core mechanisms are not limited to these factors.
According to Howard et al.’s phase model (1996), symptomatic relief occurs during which of the following phases of psychotherapy? A. rehabilitation B. reintegrative C. remediation D. remoralization
C. remediation
EXPLANATION
Answer C is correct. Howard et al.’s model distinguishes between three phases of psychotherapy: remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation. According to this model, symptomatic relief occurs during the remediation phase.
Which of the following is true about efficacy and effectiveness research?
A. Efficacy research has better internal validity but poorer external validity than effectiveness research does.
B. Efficacy research has better external validity but poorer internal validity than effectiveness research does.
C. Efficacy research has better internal and external validity than effectiveness research does.
D. Efficacy research has poorer internal and external validity than effectiveness research does.
A. Efficacy research has better internal validity but poorer external validity than effectiveness research does.
EXPLANATION
Answer A is correct. Efficacy research is conducted in well-controlled circumstances and, as a result, has good internal validity but limited external validity, while effectiveness research is conducted in naturalistic clinical settings and has limited internal validity but good external validity.
Based on the results of their meta-analysis of 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) concluded that the average psychotherapy patient is better off than \_\_\_\_% of patients who do not receive psychotherapy. A. 90 B. 80 C. 72 D. 44
B. 80
EXPLANATION
Answer B is correct. Smith, Glass, and Miller’s (1980) meta-analysis of 475 outcome studies produced a mean effect size of .85, which means that the average psychotherapy patient who received psychotherapy was “better off” than 80% of patients who did not receive psychotherapy.
Adler’s individual psychology is based on the assumption that neurotic behavior is attributable to which of the following? A. an unresolved unconscious conflict B. a boundary disturbance C. a failure to satisfy innate needs D. a mistaken style of life
D. a mistaken style of life
EXPLANATION
Answer D is correct. Adler proposed that people have adopted a mistaken (unhealthy) style of life when their goals focus on overcompensating for feelings of inferiority and reflect a lack of concern about the well-being of others. From this perspective, neurotic behavior and other psychological problems are manifestations of a mistaken style of life.
Jung referred to the process of developing a unique and unified personality as: A. differentiation. B. self-actualization. C. individuation. D. introjection.
C. individuation.
EXPLANATION
Answer C is correct. According to Jung, individuation occurs during the second half of life and is “the process by which a person becomes a psychological ‘in-dividual,’ that is, a separate, indivisible unity or whole” (1968, p. 275).
As described by Mahler, the beginning of object constancy follows which substage of separation-individuation? A. displacement B. differentiation C. practicing D. reapproachment
D. reapproachment
EXPLANATION
Answer D is correct. Mahler identified four substages of the separation-individuation process: differentiation, practicing, reapproachment, and beginning of object constancy (which is also known as the consolidation and object constancy substage).
Practitioners of Glasser’s reality therapy view the primary motivator of behavior to be which of the following? A. unconscious instinctual drives B. basic needs C. self-actualization D. striving for superiority
B. basic needs
EXPLANATION
Answer B is correct. Glasser proposed that people are motivated to fulfill five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun.
According to the transtheoretical model, factors that contribute to a person’s motivation to change an undesirable behavior include all of the following except: A. self-efficacy. B. temptation. C. insight. D. decisional balance.
C. insight.
EXPLANATION
Answer C is correct. The transtheoretical model assumes that a person’s motivation to change is affected by three factors – decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation.
Motivational interviewing incorporates concepts and procedures from which of the following? A. Jung’s analytical psychotherapy B. Adler’s individual psychology C. Skinner’s operant conditioning D. Rogers’s person-centered therapy
D. Rogers’s person-centered therapy
EXPLANATION
Answer D is correct. Motivational interviewing incorporates concepts and principles of Rogers’s person-centered therapy and Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model as well as Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy and Festinger’s notion of cognitive dissonance.
