Clinical Psychology Flashcards
What is Clinical Psychology?
Is the study of the models of mental health.
-The features associated with distressful experiences
-What maintains this psychological, emotional, and physical distress
-What can be done to reduce symptoms
-What can be done to improve wellbeing/quality of life
Clinical psychology draws on every other branch of psychology.
What do Clinical Psychologists treat?
-mental health problems
-physical health problems (pain management)
-learning difficulties
-relationship issues
What is the role of clinical psychology?
-Assessment of clients needs, abilities, and behaviours (variety of methods)
-Treatments (development and delivery)
-Working in part of a multidisciplinary team
-Evaluate service provision for patients
-Provide consultation to other profession, encouraging psychological approaches in their work
-Counsel and support carers
-Applied research
Where do they work?
-Out of home (private practice)
-At larger hospitals
-At specialty hospitals/clinics
-In community settings
-Prisons
-Military
-Schools/universities
Who do clinical psychologists work with?
-Adults or children
-Alone or part of a team
What is the process of becoming a clinical psychologists?
Undergraduate;
-Minimum 2:1
-BPS accreditation
Clinical hours and research;
-Roughly one year of clinical experience
-Research experience (MSc may count)
DClinPsy;
-Complete an DClinPsy accredited by Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC)
-Complete the HCPC registration process
What are the four models of mental health?
-Psychodynamic
-Cognitive and behavioural
-Biological
-Biopsychosocial
What are the basic assumptions on Psychodynamic Theory (Freud, 1980’s-1930’s)?
-Our behaviour and feelings are powerfully affected by unconscious motives
-Our behaviour and feelings as adults are rooted in childhood experiences
-All behaviour has a cause, even slips of the tongue, therefore all behaviour is determined
-Object relations and transference
What is the Cognitive Behavioural Model?
-Negative views about the world
-Negative views about the future
-Negative views on oneself
Developed from behavioural therapy (Skinner, 1938) and cognitive therapy (Beck, 1967)
What are the basic assumptions on Cognitive Behavioural Model?
-Our thoughts and beliefs influence our behaviour, emotions, and physiology
-Abnormality stems from faulty cognitions/distortions about the self and the world and future (Cognitive Traid)
What are the basic assumptions on biological/medical model?
-Mental disorders are said to have underlying organic/physical causes
-Behaviour such as hallucinations are symptoms of mental illness and can be treated with medical approaches
-Chemical imbalances in the brain lead to behavioural changes (serotonin, dopamine)
What are the links in the Venn diagram on biopsychosocial model of health and illness?
Bio+Psych= IQ, Temperament
Bio+Social= Substance abuse
Social+Psych= Family relationships, life events
What are assessments by clinical psychologists?
-Clinical interview
-Mental state exams (e.g., IQ)
-Personality assessment (e.g., MMPI-2, 16PF)
-Behavioural assessment (e.g., FA, ABA)
-Subjective but empirical measures (e.g., BDI)
What is formulation by psychologists?
-A way to understand the experience the client is having
-This is the CP version of ‘diagnosis’
What are diagnosis by clinical psychologists?
-In the UK, CP can recommend a diagnosis only a physician can diagnose
-In other parts of the world, CP can diagnose
-Some use ‘function-based definitions’ instead of diagnosing
What are interventions by clinical psychologists?
This is the treatment phase
What is evaluation by a clinical psychologists?
-This ties back to formulation
-Determining if the intervention worked
What are the types of assessments by clinical psychologists?
-Clinical interview
-Mental State Examination
-Personality Assessment
-Behavioural Assessment
-Subjective and Empirical Measures
What are the types formation by clinical psychologists?
-Case Formulation (collaborative)
-Methods (including model)
-Context
What are the two types diagnosis by clinical psychologists?
DSM-5
ICD-11
What is DSM-5
-Published by the American Psychiatric Association
-Used for diagnoses n the US
-Used for research around the world
-Currently, looks at how distressing a situation is for the client
-Offers insight into aetiology and prognosis
What is ICD-11?
-Published by the World Health Organization
-Used for diagnoses outside of the US
-Not really used in research
-Form based definitions (only generic descriptions of symptoms)
What do clinical psychologists do once treatment has been selected?
-Evaluate
-Client self monitoring
-Subjective measures
-Improvements in symptoms (pre tests, post tests, follow up)
What is case formulation?
-is a basic clinical skill for many mental health professionals
-it is a hypothesis about the patient’s disorders and problems
What do all formulations do?
-summarise the patients core problems
-suggest how the patient’s difficulties may relate to one another
aim to explain the development and maintenance of the patient’s difficulties
-indicate a plan of intervention
-open to revision and re-formulation
What are the 5 P’s Formulation?
1.Presenting problem
2.Predisposing Factors
3.Precipitating Factors
4.Prepetuating factors
5.Protective/Positive Factors
What is presenting problem from the 5 P’s formulation?
Briefly summarise the individuals current presenting problems
What is predisposing factors from the 5 P’s formulation?
They are background factors that may predispose an individual to be vulnerable to the presenting problems
What is precipitating factors from the 5 P’s formulation?
Factors that trigger the current problems
What is perpetuating factors from the 5 P’s formulation?
Factors that are maintaining the problems
What are protective/positive factors from the 5 P’s formulation?
Positive factors of the persons life like family or their future
What are the challenges with diagnosis?
-not always person centred
-humans don’t fit neatly into tick boxes
-doesn’t always consider individual difference (religious beliefs)
-stigmatising/labelling
What are NICE guidelines?
are evidence based recommendations for health in England
What are NICE goals?
-prevent ill health
-promote & protect good health
-improve the quality of care & services
-adapt & provide health & social care services
What is anxiety?
an emotional state characterised by physiological arousal, unpleasant feeling of tension, and a sense of apprehension or foreboding
What is anxiety disorder?
a class of psychological disorders characterised by excessive or maladaptive anxiety reactions
What are panic attacks?
-discrete period of intense fear & discomfort
Characterised by
-intense & abrupt discomfort
-shortness of breath
-dizziness
-chills
-fear of death and/or less control
These feelings are followed by distress, that often people mistake as an attack.
What is an specific phobia?
a phobia that is specific to a particular object or situation
What is depression?
-beyond feeling sad
-anhedonia (loss of interest)
-constant (chronic) or episodic
What are the types of depression?
-bipolar (manic depression)
-Psychotic depression (hallucinations & delusions)
-Postnatal depression (after having a baby)
-Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
3 types of symptoms of depression?
1.cognitive
2.emotional
3.physical
What are positive symptoms of psychosis?
-delusions
-hallucinations
disorganised thinking/speech
-disorganised or abnormal behaviour
What are negative symptoms of psychosis?
-diminished emotional expression
-depression
-increased anxiety
-anhedonia (difficulty experiencing happiness)
-poor motivation
-apparent lack of interest in social interactions & areas of previous enjoyment
What is recovery?
-is often referred as to as a process, outlook, vision, conceptual framework or guiding principle
-extends beyond symptom relief
-provides a holistic view on mental illness that focuses on the person, not just the symptoms
-believes recovery from serve mental illness is possible
-is a journey rather than a destination
What are the types of interventions/treatments?
-biological/medical therapies (medications)
-talking therapies (cog behaviour therapy/counselling)
-insight therapy (psychoanalysis)
-behaviour therapies (exposure)
-alternative/complementary treatments
What are the types of medications?
-antidepressants (SSRIS)
-antipsychotics (typical vs atypical)
-antianxiety meds (XANAX)
-mood stabilizers (lithium)
-tranquilizers (benzodiazepines)
Who can prescribe medication?
-doctors
-psychiatrists
-nurse independent prescribers
-pharmacist independent prescribers
-physiotherapies
What is Insight Therapy (Psychodynamic)?
goal to enhance the clients self-awareness
Techniques:
-dream analysis (symbolic meaning of dreams)
-Rorschach test (therapist interprets clients responses to vague inkblot pictures)
-free association (client express thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur)
What is Insight Therapy (Client Centred)?
therapy emphasizes providing supportive emotional clients, who play a major role in determining pace and direction of therapy
What is Behaviour Therapy (Systematic Desensitization)?
Therapy used to reduce phobic responses
Steps:
1.Anxiety hierarchy built
2.Train client in relaxation techniques
3.Client works through hierarchy, learning to relax during each stage
What is behaviour therapy (flooding)?
-involves extensive and lengthy exposure to phobic stimulus
-nothing gradual about this procedure
What is behaviour therapy (Aversion therapy)?
uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a stimulus that has created a problematic behaviour
What is behaviour therapy (Social Skills Training)?
-designed to improve interpersonal skills by emphasizing modelling , behaviour rehearsal and shaping
Modelling - watch socially skilled friends)
Rehearsal - practice social skills in role play situation
Shaping - gradual build up to complicated social situations
What are other behavioural techniques & combined approaches?
-visualisation & modelling
-clinical hypnotherapy
-mindfulness
What is Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy?
uses combination of verbal intervention and behaviour modification and behaviour modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking
What are the two parts of cognitive behavioural therapy?
1.cognitive restructuring
2.behavioural activation
Makes sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts
Easier to see how they are connected and how they affect you
