Clinical Pharmacology Flashcards by Beau Lynch

The study of the effects of drugs on humans

clinical pharmacology

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A fundamental concept is that a drug effect (good or bad) is related to drug ______?

concentration

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What are 3 key principles of clinical pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Delivery System

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____ is how the drugs act on the body to produce their therapeutic effects. “what the drug does to the body”

Pharmacodynamics

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_____ is how the body handles the drug or what the body does to the drug

Pharmacokinetics

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______ optimize precise, predictable, and safe drug administration

Drug Delivery Systems

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A drug is used in 3 different ways, what are they?

To cure
To treat a symptom / provide relief
To diagnose

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The effect of a drug on a patient is known as the _____ or ____?

Drug effect or clinical effect

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An intended drug effect on the body

Therapeutic effect

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A ___ is an effect of a drug on the body that may not be intended. These is also referred to as ______.

Non-therapeutic effect

Adverse Effect

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The way a drug exerts its effect is known as

mechanism of action

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The specific site at which a drug molecule acts to produce a pharmacological effect is called?

receptor

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A drug that stimulates the receptor to produce an effect?

Agonist

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A drug that prevents other agents from occupying receptors is known as?

Antagonist

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____ “turn off” a normal function of the body by preventing other drugs or substances from exerting their effects.

Antagonist

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____ is the quantitative study of how our bodies process a drug.

Pharmacokinetics

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List the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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____ is the pharmacokinetic process by which a drug enters the blood stream.

Absorption

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____ is the pharmacokinetic process which is the chemical transformation of a drug by an enzyme which frequently renders the drug inactive.

Metabolism

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Orally administered drugs must pass through ______ circulation before reaching ______?

portal circulation before reaching systemic

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____ circulation carries blood and its contents to the liver as part of the body’s filtering mechanism.

Portal circulation

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Often, enzymes in the liver metabolize a portion of the drug before it ever reaches systemic circulation. This is called _____?

First Pass Metabolism

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____ is the pharmacokinetic process of transporting a drug throughout the body

distribution

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What are two factors that strongly influence how evenly drugs are distributed throughout the body?

Lipid Solubility

2. Blood flow to the tissues

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____ is the ability of a drug to dissolve in lipids

lipid solubility

The _____ which includes the brain and spinal cords is very difficult for most drugs to penetrate. .

Blood-Brain Barrier

The second natural barrier created by the body is the ______ barrier which is a layer separating the mother's blood from a fetus's blood.

Placental Barrier

The binding of a drug to proteins is called?

Plasma Protein Binding

The ____ is a measurement of to which degree a drug is distributed in the body tissue.

Volume of Distribution (Vd)

(__) indicates the extent to which a drug leaves the bloodstream and penetrates the tissue.

(Vd) - volume of distribution

During the metabolism of the original parent drug, the remains of the drug after metabolism is known as the ____.

Metabolite

During Metabolism of a drug, 3 types of transformations can occur. First, a drug can be broken down into smaller components, this is called ____. Next, the body may chemically alter the drug by adding something onto it, this is called ____. and Lastly, the body may metabolize a drug by changing one part of it. The products of all three methods of metabolism are called ___.

1. Degradation 2. Conjugate Metabolites

The primary and major site of drug metabolism is the _____?

Liver

Drug metabolites may be active or inactive. _____ metabolites have biological effects that may be similar to or different from the parent drug and ____ metabolites have no known biological effects.

Active | Inactive

_____ is the removal of a drug and its metabolites from the body?

Excretion

____ is the primary bodily organ for excretion

Kidneys

The ____ is the rate at which the blood passes and is filtered through the kidneys.

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A normal GFR is about ___ per minute which amounts to ___ gallons per day?

120ml per minute | 45 gallons per day

The ____ is the range of a drugs concentration that is required to produce the desired clinical effect.

Therapeutic range

The rate and extent of absorption of a drug in the bloodstream is known as ____?

bioavailability

The rate of removal of a drug from the body is known as _____

Rate of elimination

3 Factors that may influence bioavailability

1. Drug formulation 2. Rout of Administration 3. First pass effect

If two formulations of the same drug are equally bioavailable, they are called ____

Bioequivalents

____ means that two products are pharmaceutically equivalent and have comparable efficacy and safety.

Therapeutic Equivalence

An important measure of bio-availability is a ____, which is obtained by plotting the plasma or serum concentrations of a drug at various times after oral administration.

Plasma or Serum Concentration-Time Curve

3 important measures determine overall drug bioavailability

1. rate of absorption 2. area under the curve 3. peak drug concentration

The rate of absorption is determined by the Cmax or ______ and the time it takes to acheive the maximum amount of the drug in the body, Tmax.

Concentration Max

____ is the removal of active drug from the blood through the process of metabolism and excretion.

Elimination

___ is the time required for one half of the concentration of a drug in the blood to be eliminated.

half-life

____ happens when the rate of absorption reaches the rate of drug elimination.

Steady State Concentration

In Emergencies, a steady state can be achieved more rapidly by giving a ___ dose and then the steady state can be maintained by continuing with ___ doses.

loading dose | maintenance doses

Drug delivery systems are concerned with 3 things, what are they?

1. Route of administration 2. dosage 3. formulation

The amount of a drug administered at one time is called?

dose

The frequency and amount of drug administration is called?

dosage

The ___ is the method by which a drug is introduced into the body.

Route of administration

If a drug is very ____ it can more easily move throughout the body.

soluble

All forms of parenteral administration involves

injection

The ___ method of drug administration is the most rapid and efficient. Its injected directly into the blood stream.

IV - Intra Venous

Method of drug administration that places drugs directly into the muscle tissue (i.e. arm, leg, buttocks)

IM - Intra Muscular

____ means injected in skin tissue directly beneath the skin.

subcutaneous

___ means injected directly into an artery

Intra-Arterial

___ means its injected directly into the joint of between the bone and socket.

Intra-Articular

___ means a drug is injected directly into the spinal cord or the fluid surrounding the spinal cord and brain.

Intra-Ethical

___ is a type of administration that entails inhaling a drug into the lungs.

Inhalation

___ is administration of a drug by inserting it into the rectum.

rectal

___ is administration that involves the application of a patch that slowly releases the drug into the skin.

Transdermal

___ administration is the application of a solution or ointment to the skin.

Topical

___ is administration by the insertion of a cream, suppository, tablet, or delivery system into the vagina.

Vaginal

___ is administration by placing the drug under the tongue for absorption.

sublingual

___ is administration by placement of a drug between the gum and side of the mouth for absorption.

Buccal

An ___ is an undesired drug effect.

Adverse Event

Drugs that are circulated in the blood usually produce ___ effects.

Systemic

___ is a term that is also used to describe potentially harmful effects of drugs.

Toxicity

The ____ is used to describe the safety of a drug because it represents the margin between the dose that produces toxic or adverse side effects and the dose that produces a therapeutic effect.

Therapeutic Index

4 types of adverse drug effects that are non-dose related?

1. Teratogenecity 2. Infertility 3. Carcinogenesis 4. Mutagenesis

___ is a type of drug reaction that occurs as a result of a drugs formulation.

Pharmaceutical Drug Reaction

___ is a type of drug reaction that results from drugs that affect each other's absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion.

Pharmacokinetic Drug Reaction

____ would be a drug reaction that affects a drugs mechanism of action (the way a drug exerts itself)

Pharmacodynamic

3 types of drug to drug interactions and define

Antagonism - One drug hinders another effect Additive - both combined equal individual effect Synergism - one drug enhances the other

What governing body regulates the pharmaceutical industrty

FDA - Food and Drug Adminstration

The ___ contains the manufacturer's guidelines for use of a prescription drug.

PI - Package Insert

The __ of a PI provides the registered name (trade name) and generic/chemical name

Description

The ___ section of the PI describes the mechanism of action and the clinical effects of the active drug ingredient.

Clinical Pharmacology

A drug is ____ for use in patients who will benefit from therapy and in who the drug will be well tolerated.

Indicated

Drugs are ___ for patients where risks may outweigh benefits.

Contraindicated

The ____ section of the PI describes the patients or conditions where using the product could be dangerous or may require caution.

Warnings and Precautions

The ___ section will assign a drug to a pregnancy category. It basically summarizes the teratogenicity of a drug. (A, B, C, D, X)

Precaution

The ___ section of a PI describes the most common side effects of a drug. Adverse effects are listed by most frequent and severe to least frequent and severe.

Adverse Reactions

The ____ section of the PI list the recommended dosage of a drug, the route of administration, and instructions for preparation of the dose if needed.

Dosage and Administration

The __ section of the PI includes info on the available dosage forms, shape, color, coating, and other identifying drug characteristics.

How Supplied