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Basic Training Study Guide > Clinical Pharmacology > Flashcards

Clinical Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the effects of drugs on humans

A

clinical pharmacology

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2
Q

A fundamental concept is that a drug effect (good or bad) is related to drug ______?

A

concentration

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3
Q

What are 3 key principles of clinical pharmacology

A
  1. Pharmacodynamics
  2. Pharmacokinetics
  3. Drug Delivery System
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4
Q

____ is how the drugs act on the body to produce their therapeutic effects. “what the drug does to the body”

A

Pharmacodynamics

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5
Q

_____ is how the body handles the drug or what the body does to the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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6
Q

______ optimize precise, predictable, and safe drug administration

A

Drug Delivery Systems

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7
Q

A drug is used in 3 different ways, what are they?

A
  1. To cure
  2. To treat a symptom / provide relief
  3. To diagnose
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8
Q

The effect of a drug on a patient is known as the _____ or ____?

A

Drug effect or clinical effect

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9
Q

An intended drug effect on the body

A

Therapeutic effect

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10
Q

A ___ is an effect of a drug on the body that may not be intended. These is also referred to as ______.

A

Non-therapeutic effect

Adverse Effect

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11
Q

The way a drug exerts its effect is known as

A

mechanism of action

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12
Q

The specific site at which a drug molecule acts to produce a pharmacological effect is called?

A

receptor

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13
Q

A drug that stimulates the receptor to produce an effect?

A

Agonist

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14
Q

A drug that prevents other agents from occupying receptors is known as?

A

Antagonist

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15
Q

____ “turn off” a normal function of the body by preventing other drugs or substances from exerting their effects.

A

Antagonist

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16
Q

____ is the quantitative study of how our bodies process a drug.

A

Pharmacokinetics

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17
Q

List the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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18
Q

____ is the pharmacokinetic process by which a drug enters the blood stream.

A

Absorption

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19
Q

____ is the pharmacokinetic process which is the chemical transformation of a drug by an enzyme which frequently renders the drug inactive.

A

Metabolism

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20
Q

Orally administered drugs must pass through ______ circulation before reaching ______?

A

portal circulation before reaching systemic

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21
Q

____ circulation carries blood and its contents to the liver as part of the body’s filtering mechanism.

A

Portal circulation

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22
Q

Often, enzymes in the liver metabolize a portion of the drug before it ever reaches systemic circulation. This is called _____?

A

First Pass Metabolism

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23
Q

____ is the pharmacokinetic process of transporting a drug throughout the body

A

distribution

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24
Q

What are two factors that strongly influence how evenly drugs are distributed throughout the body?

A
  1. Lipid Solubility

2. Blood flow to the tissues

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25
Q

____ is the ability of a drug to dissolve in lipids

A

lipid solubility

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26
Q

The _____ which includes the brain and spinal cords is very difficult for most drugs to penetrate. .

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

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27
Q

The second natural barrier created by the body is the ______ barrier which is a layer separating the mother’s blood from a fetus’s blood.

A

Placental Barrier

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28
Q

The binding of a drug to proteins is called?

A

Plasma Protein Binding

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29
Q

The ____ is a measurement of to which degree a drug is distributed in the body tissue.

A

Volume of Distribution (Vd)

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30
Q

(__) indicates the extent to which a drug leaves the bloodstream and penetrates the tissue.

A

(Vd) - volume of distribution

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31
Q

During the metabolism of the original parent drug, the remains of the drug after metabolism is known as the ____.

A

Metabolite

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32
Q

During Metabolism of a drug, 3 types of transformations can occur. First, a drug can be broken down into smaller components, this is called ____. Next, the body may chemically alter the drug by adding something onto it, this is called ____. and Lastly, the body may metabolize a drug by changing one part of it. The products of all three methods of metabolism are called ___.

A
  1. Degradation
  2. Conjugate

Metabolites

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33
Q

The primary and major site of drug metabolism is the _____?

A

Liver

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34
Q

Drug metabolites may be active or inactive. _____ metabolites have biological effects that may be similar to or different from the parent drug and ____ metabolites have no known biological effects.

A

Active

Inactive

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35
Q

_____ is the removal of a drug and its metabolites from the body?

A

Excretion

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36
Q

____ is the primary bodily organ for excretion

A

Kidneys

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37
Q

The ____ is the rate at which the blood passes and is filtered through the kidneys.

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

38
Q

A normal GFR is about ___ per minute which amounts to ___ gallons per day?

A

120ml per minute

45 gallons per day

39
Q

The ____ is the range of a drugs concentration that is required to produce the desired clinical effect.

A

Therapeutic range

40
Q

The rate and extent of absorption of a drug in the bloodstream is known as ____?

A

bioavailability

41
Q

The rate of removal of a drug from the body is known as _____

A

Rate of elimination

42
Q

3 Factors that may influence bioavailability

A
  1. Drug formulation
  2. Rout of Administration
  3. First pass effect
43
Q

If two formulations of the same drug are equally bioavailable, they are called ____

A

Bioequivalents

44
Q

____ means that two products are pharmaceutically equivalent and have comparable efficacy and safety.

A

Therapeutic Equivalence

45
Q

An important measure of bio-availability is a ____, which is obtained by plotting the plasma or serum concentrations of a drug at various times after oral administration.

A

Plasma or Serum Concentration-Time Curve

46
Q

3 important measures determine overall drug bioavailability

A
  1. rate of absorption
  2. area under the curve
  3. peak drug concentration
47
Q

The rate of absorption is determined by the Cmax or ______ and the time it takes to acheive the maximum amount of the drug in the body, Tmax.

A

Concentration Max

48
Q

____ is the removal of active drug from the blood through the process of metabolism and excretion.

A

Elimination

49
Q

___ is the time required for one half of the concentration of a drug in the blood to be eliminated.

A

half-life

50
Q

____ happens when the rate of absorption reaches the rate of drug elimination.

A

Steady State Concentration

51
Q

In Emergencies, a steady state can be achieved more rapidly by giving a ___ dose and then the steady state can be maintained by continuing with ___ doses.

A

loading dose

maintenance doses

52
Q

Drug delivery systems are concerned with 3 things, what are they?

A
  1. Route of administration
  2. dosage
  3. formulation
53
Q

The amount of a drug administered at one time is called?

A

dose

54
Q

The frequency and amount of drug administration is called?

A

dosage

55
Q

The ___ is the method by which a drug is introduced into the body.

A

Route of administration

56
Q

If a drug is very ____ it can more easily move throughout the body.

A

soluble

57
Q

All forms of parenteral administration involves

A

injection

58
Q

The ___ method of drug administration is the most rapid and efficient. Its injected directly into the blood stream.

A

IV - Intra Venous

59
Q

Method of drug administration that places drugs directly into the muscle tissue (i.e. arm, leg, buttocks)

A

IM - Intra Muscular

60
Q

____ means injected in skin tissue directly beneath the skin.

A

subcutaneous

61
Q

___ means injected directly into an artery

A

Intra-Arterial

62
Q

___ means its injected directly into the joint of between the bone and socket.

A

Intra-Articular

63
Q

___ means a drug is injected directly into the spinal cord or the fluid surrounding the spinal cord and brain.

A

Intra-Ethical

64
Q

___ is a type of administration that entails inhaling a drug into the lungs.

A

Inhalation

65
Q

___ is administration of a drug by inserting it into the rectum.

A

rectal

66
Q

___ is administration that involves the application of a patch that slowly releases the drug into the skin.

A

Transdermal

67
Q

___ administration is the application of a solution or ointment to the skin.

A

Topical

68
Q

___ is administration by the insertion of a cream, suppository, tablet, or delivery system into the vagina.

A

Vaginal

69
Q

___ is administration by placing the drug under the tongue for absorption.

A

sublingual

70
Q

___ is administration by placement of a drug between the gum and side of the mouth for absorption.

A

Buccal

71
Q

An ___ is an undesired drug effect.

A

Adverse Event

72
Q

Drugs that are circulated in the blood usually produce ___ effects.

A

Systemic

73
Q

___ is a term that is also used to describe potentially harmful effects of drugs.

A

Toxicity

74
Q

The ____ is used to describe the safety of a drug because it represents the margin between the dose that produces toxic or adverse side effects and the dose that produces a therapeutic effect.

A

Therapeutic Index

75
Q

4 types of adverse drug effects that are non-dose related?

A
  1. Teratogenecity
  2. Infertility
  3. Carcinogenesis
  4. Mutagenesis
76
Q

___ is a type of drug reaction that occurs as a result of a drugs formulation.

A

Pharmaceutical Drug Reaction

77
Q

___ is a type of drug reaction that results from drugs that affect each other’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion.

A

Pharmacokinetic Drug Reaction

78
Q

____ would be a drug reaction that affects a drugs mechanism of action (the way a drug exerts itself)

A

Pharmacodynamic

79
Q

3 types of drug to drug interactions and define

A

Antagonism - One drug hinders another effect
Additive - both combined equal individual effect
Synergism - one drug enhances the other

80
Q

What governing body regulates the pharmaceutical industrty

A

FDA - Food and Drug Adminstration

81
Q

The ___ contains the manufacturer’s guidelines for use of a prescription drug.

A

PI - Package Insert

82
Q

The __ of a PI provides the registered name (trade name) and generic/chemical name

A

Description

83
Q

The ___ section of the PI describes the mechanism of action and the clinical effects of the active drug ingredient.

A

Clinical Pharmacology

84
Q

A drug is ____ for use in patients who will benefit from therapy and in who the drug will be well tolerated.

A

Indicated

85
Q

Drugs are ___ for patients where risks may outweigh benefits.

A

Contraindicated

86
Q

The ____ section of the PI describes the patients or conditions where using the product could be dangerous or may require caution.

A

Warnings and Precautions

87
Q

The ___ section will assign a drug to a pregnancy category. It basically summarizes the teratogenicity of a drug. (A, B, C, D, X)

A

Precaution

88
Q

The ___ section of a PI describes the most common side effects of a drug. Adverse effects are listed by most frequent and severe to least frequent and severe.

A

Adverse Reactions

89
Q

The ____ section of the PI list the recommended dosage of a drug, the route of administration, and instructions for preparation of the dose if needed.

A

Dosage and Administration

90
Q

The __ section of the PI includes info on the available dosage forms, shape, color, coating, and other identifying drug characteristics.

A

How Supplied

Basic Training Study Guide (5 decks)

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