Clinical Pathology

Question 1

Blood is ____ if the straw is pink when centrifuged

Answer 1

Haemolysed

Question 2

Anemia can be ___ or _-____

Answer 2

Regenerative or Non-Regenerative

Question 3

If RBCs are smaller than normal they are described as ____

Answer 3

Microcytic

Question 4

If RBC concentration is lower than usual it is described as ____

Answer 4

Hypochromic

Question 5

What are the two reasons for regenerative anemia?

Answer 5

Hemolysis and Hemorrhage

Question 6

In felines, moderate and marked anemia causes a rise in what?

Answer 6

Aggregate Reticulocytes

Question 7

What is Neutrophilia?

Answer 7

Increased Neutrophils in the blood

Question 8

What is Neutropenia?

Answer 8

Decreased Neutrophils in the blood

Question 9

With acute leukemia there is an increase of ____ ___ in the blood

Answer 9

Blast cells

Question 10

Platelet counting is difficult due to ____

Answer 10

Clumping

Question 11

In biochemistry, ____ and ____ are tested

Answer 11

Serum and Plasma

Question 12

Serum and plasma consist of what?

Answer 12

Fluid of the blood with all cells removed

Question 13

Serum is collected without _____

Answer 13

Anticoagulant

Question 14

Plasma contains ____ _____ such as fibrinogen

Answer 14

Clotting factors

Question 15

Total protein is made up of ____ and _____

Answer 15

Albumin and Globulins

Question 16

What falsely increases total protein count?

Answer 16

Icterus, Hemolysis or Lipemia

Question 17

During ____ albumin increases

Answer 17

Dehydration

Question 18

____ and ____ both indicate glomerular filtration

Answer 18

Urea and Creatitine

Question 19

What is azotemia?

Answer 19

Increased nitrogenous waste products in the blood

Question 20

____ is the main ion of intracellular space

Answer 20

Potassium

Question 21

Free Calcium levels generally reflect ____ ____

Answer 21

Total calcium

Question 22

What is cytology? What can it help do?

Answer 22

Looking at structure of cells - determining what diagnostic procedures should be performed next, maybe even make a diagnosis

Question 23

What are the limitations of Cytology?

Answer 23

Greatly relies on sample quality - Limited by experience of examiner - Limited information on tissue architecture - Challenges involved

Question 24

What can Histopathology tell you about a sample?

Answer 24

Tissue architecture - Tumour grading - Immunohistochemistry

Question 25

When first taking a sample for cytology, use a what?

Answer 25

Fine needle biopsy

Question 26

When taking a sample with an aspiration needle, what should you do between samplings?

Answer 26

Release the plunger to restore normal pressure

Question 27

What are the goals when making a smear?

Answer 27

Thin areas with good cell spread - Minimize cell damage - Minimize blood content

Question 28

When a tissue has been ____ it is good to make an imprint smear

Answer 28

Excised

Question 29

When imprinting for cytology, use the ____ ____ surface, ____ until ____ then imprint directly onto glass slide

Answer 29

fresh cut - blot dry

Question 30

When collecting fluid for cytology how do you prevent clotting?

Answer 30

EDTA (anticoagulant)

Question 31

When you have made an adequate slide for cytology, what do you need to determine?

Answer 31

If it is Inflammation or Neoplasia

Question 32

If there are many degenerate neutrophils on a slide of Inflammatory tissue, what can be suggested about the disease?

Answer 32

Septic as it is secondary to release of bacterial toxins

Question 33

If a slide is found to be neoplastic, what 3 types of cell are you looking for?

Answer 33

Round - Epithelial - Spindle

Question 34

Give some examples of the nuclear criteria for cell malignancy

Answer 34

Anisocytosis (variation in size)
Macrocytosis (large cells)
Cell crowding
Anisokaryosis (variation of nuclear size)
Multinucleation
Macrokaryosis (large nuclei)
Increased mitotic figures
Coarse cromatin