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Principles of Science > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four quadrants for the antimicrobial spectrum?

A

Gram positive aerobes - Gram negative aerobes - Obligate anaerobes - Penicillinase producing Staph

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2
Q

Are there bacteria which don’t fit into the four quadrant spectrum? What are they called?

A

Yes - Atypical bacterial species

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3
Q

Give an example of some Atypical bacteria

A

Rickettsia - Mycoplasma - Chlamydia - Borrelia - Bartonella - Mycobacterium

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4
Q

Outline a responsible way to use antimicrobials

A

Think Global - Act Local

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5
Q

When should antibacterials be used?

A

Definite diagnosis - Likely diagnosis when everything taken into account - Disease will progress without medical intervention - If animal in critical condition

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6
Q

What clues can tell you if it is a bacterial infection or not?

A

Heat, redness or swelling?
Pyrexia?
Neutrophillia?

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7
Q

What three cases especially are very unlikely to be a bacterial infection?

A

Vomiting without diarrhoea - Haematuria in cat <10 - Blood in faeces

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8
Q

What are the most likely bacterial infections of the mouth?

A

Gram negative and anaerobic from GIT

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9
Q

What are the most likely bacterial infections of the respiratory system?

A

In bronchi - bordatella

Pneumonia - could be anything

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10
Q

What are the most likely bacterial infections of the skin?

A

Staphlococcus

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11
Q

What are the most likely bacterial infections of the urinary tract?

A

Gram negative from urethra - Possibly Staph

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12
Q

What are the most likely bacterial infections of the liver?

A

Gram negative from bile duct

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13
Q

What are the most likely bacterial infections of cat wounds?

A

Mycobacterium

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14
Q

In general, if bacteria are not ______ to a drug in vitro they will be resistant __ ____

A

Susceptible - In vivo

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15
Q

What does MIC stand for? What does it mean?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration - Lowest concentration of drug that will inhibit bacterial growth

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16
Q

What is usually used to determine therapeutic dose?

A

MIC90

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17
Q

What antimicrobials inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Penecillin - Cephalosporins - Bacitracin

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18
Q

What antimicrobials inhibit cell membrane function?

A

Polymyxins - Amphotercin - Imidazoles - Nystatin

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19
Q

What antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis in the nucleus?

A

Chloramphenicol - Macrolides - Lincosamides

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20
Q

What antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines - Aminoglycosides

21
Q

What antimicrobials inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Sulphonamides - Trimethoprim - Quinolones - Metronidazole - Rifampin

22
Q

What does Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal mean?

A 
Bacteriostatic = inhibits growth of organisms
Bactericidal = kills bacteria
23
Q

For bacteriostatic drugs to be effective they have to be maintained at what level and for how long?

A

Over 80% of MIC - at least 50% of 24hrs

24
Q

Give examples of Bacteriostatic drugs?

A

Chloramphenicol - Lincosamides - Macrolides - Tetracyclines - Non-potentiated Sulphonamides

25
Q

Give examples of Bactericidal drugs?

A

Penicillins - Cephlasporins - Aminoglycosides - Fluoroquinolones - Potentiated Sulphonamides (TMPS) - Metronidazole

26
Q

What are the two types of bactericides?

A

Concentration dependent - Time dependent

27
Q

What level do concentration dependent bactericides have to stay at to be?

A

Eight times the MIC

28
Q

What determines the therapeutic effect of concentration dependent bactericides?

A

The area under the concentration curve

29
Q

Why can’t bacteriostatic drugs not be used in conjunction with time dependent bactericidal drugs?

A

Bacteria need to be multiplying for time dependent bactericidal to work

30
Q

Which drugs are ineffective against gram positive aerobes?

A

Aminoglycosides - Metronidazole

31
Q

Which drugs are ineffective against gram negative aerobes?

A

Metronidazole - Penicillin G - Lincosamides/Macrolides

32
Q

Which drugs are ineffective against obligate anaerobes?

A

Fluroquinolones - Aminoglycosides

33
Q

Which drugs are ineffective against Penicillinase producing Staphlococcus?

A

Penicillin G - Aminopenicillins - Metronidazole

34
Q

What bacteria is Penicillin effective against?

A

Gram positive aerobes and Obligate anaerobes

35
Q

What is a ‘brown’ drug? Give an example of an all quadrant brown drug

A

Drugs that have a moderate effect on bacteria - TMPS

36
Q

Which drug has a brown effect for most of the quadrants but is excellent against atypical bacteria?

A

Tetracyclines

37
Q

Which areas of the body are quite hard for antimicrobial drugs to access?

A

Brain - Eye - Prostate - Bronchus - Mammary glands

38
Q

Which drugs have poor penetration of hard to reach tissues?

A

Penicillins - Cephalosporins - Beta lactamase inhibitors - Polymixins - Aminoglycosides

39
Q

Which drugs have good penetration of hard to reach tissues?

A

Sulphonamides - Trimethoprim - Lincosamides - Macrolides - Tetracycline

40
Q

Which drugs have a great penetration of difficult to reach tissues?

A

Chloramphenicol - Fluoroquinolones - Lipophillic tetracyclines - Metronidazole - Rifampin

41
Q

When would surgical prophylaxis be acceptable?

A

High risk of infection either because of long surgery, use of implants, patient health and the disease process

42
Q

When should surgical prophylaxis be administered?

A

Before the surgery

43
Q

What is a useless surgical prophylactic? Why?

A

Long acting amoxycilin - takes 12 hours to reach therapeutic concentration

44
Q

Which bacterial quadrants is fluoroquinolones good and bad at?

A

Green - Gram negative aerobes, Staph
Brown - Gram positive aerobes
Red - Obligate anaerobes

45
Q

Which drugs are effective against gram positive aerobes?

A

Penicillin - Cephalosporins - Lincosamides - Tetracyclines - Rifampin - Fluoroquinolones

46
Q

Which drugs are effective against gram negative aerobes?

A

Fluoroquinolones - Aminoglycosides - Cephalosporins - Amoxy-clav

47
Q

Which drugs are effective against Staph?

A

Amoxy-clav - Cephalosprins - Cloxacillin - Fluoroquinolones - Rifampin - Clindamycin (not great)

48
Q

Which drugs are effective against Obligate anaerobes?

A

Penicillin - Amoxy-clav - Clindamycin - Metronidazole - Cloramphenicol - Rifampin

Principles of Science (11 decks)

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