clinical patholgy Flashcards

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1
Q

Whipple’s triad:

A
  1. 診斷Whipple’s triad: 下列四項_符合三項_就能推測(但不能確診)是insulinoma of ferret
  2. 禁食3-4hr後血糖 ≤ 60 mg/dL
  3. 承2.,觀察到上述臨床症狀
  4. Clinical sign在補充糖分後恢復
  5. Ultrasonography: cysts on pancreas
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2
Q

liver disease in eletrophorasis

A

b-y bridging

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3
Q

Acute stress indicator of rabbit

A

Lymphocytosis短暫上升

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4
Q

chronic inflammation indicatior in rabbit

A

1.貧血 2.Lymphopenia 3. Monocytosis (not a must)

兔子不容易出現left shift。

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5
Q

當AST, ALT, and GGT一起升高

A
  1. Hepatic lipidosis(脂肪肝): 兔病排行榜首。兔子只要超過24hr沒有吃飯就會脂肪肝,然後不吃飯又是兔子很常見的clinical sign。區別診斷: 加驗__Cholesterol & triglycerides__和超音波。肝指數↑、膽固醇&三酸甘油脂↑、Ketone↑、超音波
  2. Hepatic coccidiosis(肝臟球蟲): 發展成Cyst時才會導致clinical sign,且通常一發不可收拾,區別診斷: 肝臟超音波觀察瀰漫性病灶 (diffusive cysts) 。
  3. Torsion of a liver lobe(肝扭轉): 兔子相較於其他物種更容易出現肝扭轉。當肝指數全體飆高,區別診斷: 同時也發生貧血→趕快掃肝臟超音波,若確定為肝扭轉,應立即手術處理!
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6
Q

renal failure and calcium

A

animals except reabbit: falls due to reduction of production of D3

rabbit: rise due to excretion falling

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7
Q

urine color of rabbit

A

富含鈣質,所以偏鹼(pH=8-8.2),混濁

色素尿,和飲食有關

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8
Q

Encephalitozooon

A
  1. E. cuniculi在一半以上的兔子身上皆帶原,傳染性強。孢子藉由尿液排除,兔子聞到菌尿便從鼻吻部遭受感染。臨床症狀包括全眼炎,歪頭、seizure、打轉等神經症狀、以及慢性腎衰竭……等等。人畜共通,免疫力低下的人容易中獎。
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9
Q

Pancytopenia & non-regenerative anemia in ferret

A
  1. RBC可看Estrogen toxicity
  2. 貂為induced ovulation的動物,只要外陰部受到刺激(洗澡、跟主人玩等等)就會排卵,而不一定要交配。比較特別的是: 發情期間如果沒有交配,estrogen surge會不斷持續 → estrogen中毒 → 骨髓抑制、貧血 (Pancytopenia & non-regenerative anemia)

=> OHE可杜絕後患。

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10
Q
  1. 腎上腺疾病 of ferrot
A
  1. 小動物的腎上腺疾病好發在製造Glucocorticoids & Mineralocorticoids的部分。
    1. 病因學尚未得到證實,目前有幾種論點:
      1. 人工飼養環境的光週期混亂,長時間光照讓貂的身體以為繁殖季來臨,導致貂發情、GnRH促使腎上腺皮質增生。
      2. 若母貂尚未性成熟就做絕育 → 性荷爾蒙來源遭到移除(性荷爾蒙由性腺和腎上腺製造),腎上腺內的異位性性腺細胞被刺激發育 → 增生甚至發展成腫瘤。

可以想成是: 腎上腺皮質試圖代償性腺的功能。

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11
Q

Aspergillus

how to tell

A
  • 臨床症狀: 從呼吸道症狀開始,鳥鳴改變、呼吸窘迫→進而感染神經系統、肝腎
  • x-ray: granuloma
  • 電泳:β > 35%、other usually being suppressed (immuno-suppressive) 也常出現β-γ bridging(嚴重到造成肝病)。
  • CBC: WBC 標超級高
  • Elisa:準確度高,但容易因為artificial factor出現偽高值
  • 組織切片
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12
Q

3 major infection in birds

A

Chlamydia (β-globulin + γ-globulin > 35%)

Mycobacterium、

Aspergillosis (β-globulin > 35%,其他globulin都被免疫抑制)

all increases WBC hugely !!

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