Clinical Neuro

Question 1

Spinal cord disease– localizing lesions– grey v. white matter

Answer 1

Question 2

Intumescences

Answer 2

Question 3

What happens with High Cervical– C1- to C5 spinal cord disease?

Answer 3

* Severe lesions to C1 to C5

• Recumbent
• Die suddenly following respiratory paralysis
• Can raise the head and neck only when lying with the lesion side facing down (with unilateral lesions)

* Muscle tone?

* Spinal reflexes?

* Distended bladder, difficult to express

Question 4

What happens with spinal cord disease between C6 to T2– Cervicothoracic?

Answer 4

Question 5

What happens with spinal cord disease between T3 to L2 (Thoracolumbar)?

Answer 5

Question 6

What happens with Spinal cord disease in lumbosacral (L3 to S2)?

Answer 6

Question 7

What happens with spinal cord disease between S3 to Cd5 (Sacrococcygeal)?

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Neurological Examination

Answer 9

Question 10

What they don’t do in equine in the neuro exam

Answer 10

Question 11

Evaluation of equine head in neuro

Answer 11

Question 12

Behavior and mentation in neuro assessment of equine

Answer 12

Question 13

Head position? Head Turn? Neuro

Answer 13

Question 14

Assessment of Olfactory Nerve

Answer 14

Don’t use epsom salts- painful for a horse

Question 15

Assessment of CN II– what other CN does it assess?

Answer 15

Question 17

Assessment of CN III, IV, VI

Answer 17

How they maintain their balance– like Ballerinas

Normal Nystagmus

Question 18

Answer 18

Pupils rotated around vision access]

CN IV (4) Trochlear isn’t working– Dorsal Oblique m. can rotate the eye around under power of CN IV (only mm. CN IV innervates)

(reminder: CN 6–> Lateral Rectus m.– abducts.. Oculomotor does everything else– longest name does the the most work)

Question 19

CN V– how do you assess?

Answer 19

Use a pen or similar and poke all around face– some horses don’t show much reaction… so with those horses stick finger in nose or ear

Question 20

How do you assess mandibular branch of CN V?

Answer 20

Question 21

Answer 21

Atrophy of muscles– CN V

Question 22

Answer 22

Left side lesion– muzzle deviated toward the right

Unapposed traction on the right

Eye a bit more closed on the left

CN VII – also supports eyes in the orbit– VII opens the eyelid

** droopy ear on the left big hint

Question 23

Answer 23

Right head tilt toward the lesion (fast phase nystagmus towards the lesion)- vestibular component (not cochlear– which is hard to detect deafness in horses as deaf horses still move ears around)

** Can be very dangerous to test as very stressful for the horse (blindfolding)

** this flips around with cerebellar

Question 24

How do we assess Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X, and Accessory XI?

Answer 24

Question 25

Answer 25

Discoloured mucous at the nostril and recycling water

* Regurgitation?

* aspiration pneumonia??

* CN problem?

Question 26

Answer 26

Motor to the tongue– normal animals strongly resist pulling on the tongue

Try pulling it out on both sides of the mouth

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

Answer 30

First two pictures– snake bite or botulism

Last picture- herpes virus, myeloencephalitis

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

Typical of horses with muscle weakness- legs close together to brace themselves

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

Answer 34

Question 35

UMN v. LMN disease

Answer 35

Question 36

Paresis

Answer 36

Question 37

What does ataxia tell us?

Answer 37

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

Answer 39

Question 40

Answer 40

Question 41

Evaluation of gait

Answer 41

Question 42

BoNT and TeNT Neurotoxins?

Answer 42

Mechanism of action

* Blockade of neurotransmitter release: Both toxins have proteolytic activity

• Disrupt specific components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus–> prevents release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Question 44

Tetanus

Answer 44

Question 45

Botulism

Answer 45

Question 46

Tetanus Epi

Answer 46

Question 47

Tetanus Clinical Signs

Answer 47

Question 48

Tetanus treatment

Answer 48

Question 49

Tetanus Diagnosis

Answer 49

Question 50

Hypocalcaemia in horses

Answer 50

Question 51

Botulism Epi

Answer 51

Caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum– soil organisms

Question 52

Botulism: Clinical Signs in Foals

Answer 52

Question 53

Botulism: Clinical signs in adults

Answer 53

* Can progress to difficulty rising and recumbency:

• HR and RR increase
• increased abdominal component to respiration
• decreased borborygmi

* Death–> respiratory paralysis

Question 54

Botulism Diagnosis

Answer 54

Question 55

Botulism Treatment

Answer 55

Question 56

Snakes and Tick Bites

Answer 56

Question 57

Equine Motor Neuron Disease

Answer 57

Question 58

Answer 58