Abnormal Urination

Question 1

Nephron review

Answer 1

Question 2

Presenting signs of kidney disease

Answer 2

Question 3

Acute renal failure/ acute kidney injury

Answer 3

Question 4

Acute tubular necrosis

Answer 4

Question 5

Acute renal failure/ acute kidney injury History

Answer 5

Question 6

Acute renal toxicoses- Aminoglycosides

Answer 6

Question 7

Acute renal toxicoses- NSAIDs

Answer 7

Question 8

Acute renal toxicoses- other causes

Answer 8

Question 9

Acute renal failure/ acute kidney injury Diagnosis

Answer 9

Question 10

Acute renal failure/ acute kidney injury Treatment

Answer 10

Question 11

Acute renal failure/ acute kidney injury Monitoring

Answer 11

Question 12

Acute renal failure/ acute kidney injury Prevention

Answer 12

Question 13

CKD

Answer 13

Question 14

CKD Physical Exam

Answer 14

Question 15

CKD Clin Path

Answer 15

Question 16

CKD Causes

Answer 16

Question 17

CKD Diagnosis

Answer 17

Question 18

CKD Treatment/ management

Answer 18

Question 19

Gross haematuria

Answer 19

Question 20

Gross haematuria diagnosis

Answer 20

Question 21

Idiopathic renal haematuria

Answer 21

Question 22

Idiopathic renal haematuria diagnosis

Answer 22

Question 23

Neoplasia urinary tract

Answer 23

Question 24

Cystic calculi

Answer 24

Question 25

Cystic Calculi Diagnosis and Treatment

Answer 25

Question 26

Cystic calculi prevention

Answer 26

Question 27

Urethral haemorrhage

Answer 27

Question 29

Urinary incontinence DDX

Answer 29

Question 30

Sabulous urolithiasis

Answer 30

Question 31

Sabulous urolithiasis diagnosis and treatment

Answer 31

Question 32

UTI

Answer 32

Question 33

UTI diagnosis and treatment

Answer 33

Question 34

Neuro causes of incontinence

Answer 34

* Spinal cord lesions –> UMN Bladder

• usually not a big problem in horses
• may not be recognized until overflow incontinence occurs

Question 35

Drinking 80L of water per day in hospital

Urinating large volumes (although not quantified)

Answer 35

Pergolide mesylate– 1 mg orally once daily

Within 72 hours- decrease in water intake– 80L/day to 37 L/day

• Normalisation of blood glucose 12.1 mmol/L to 6.7 mmol/L

* Repeat visit 4 weeks– endocrine testing– endogenous ACTH result 103 pg/mL… Autumn reference < 47 pg/mL

* Clinically no PU/PD, normoglycaemia

* Increased pergolide to 1.5 mg dose

* Repeat visit 4 weeks

• Endocrine testing– endogenous ACTH result: 98.2 pg/mL (winter reference < 29 pg/mL)
• Clinically- acute episode of laminitis

* Increased pergolide to 2 mg dose

* Instituted remedial farriery

Question 36

PU/PD definitions

Answer 36

Question 37

Clinical signs PPID

Answer 37

Question 38

History PPID

Answer 38

Question 39

Clinical pathology PPID

Answer 39

Question 40

PPID Background

Answer 40

Question 41

PPID Pathophysiology

Answer 41

* Melanotropes are the endocrine cells of the pars intermedia

* Produce long precursor hormone pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

• Peptide products of POMC have diverse and wide- ranging biological effects
• still poorly understood

Question 43

PPID Clinical signs

Answer 43

Question 44

Answer 44

Question 45

Preferred screening test in PPID Diagnosis

Answer 45

Question 46

PPID Diagnosis: Dex suppression test

Answer 46

Question 47

How to do DST and limitations

Answer 47

Question 48

Seasonality of DST in PPID Diagnosis

Answer 48

Question 49

PPID Diagnosis other tests

Answer 49

Question 50

PPID Diagnosis Insulin Status

Answer 50

Question 51

PPID Treatment

Answer 51

Question 52

PPID: Treatment… monitoring

Answer 52

Question 54

What if pergolide isn’t working?

Answer 54

Question 55

PPID Management

Answer 55

Question 56

Hoof care

Answer 56

Question 57

Psychogenic polydipsia

Answer 57

Question 58

Water deprivation test

Answer 58

Question 59

Management of Psychogenic polydipsia

Answer 59

Question 60

Water deprivation test

Answer 60