CLINICAL MICROSCOPY Flashcards
white quadrant in NFPA
specific hazard
yellow in NFPA
reactivity
blue in NFPA
health hazard
red in NFPA
flammability
RACE stands for
rescue-alarm-close-attempt
glucose is reabsorbed in what part on the nephron
PCT
principle of automated strip readers
reflectance photometry
sp. gr. of 4% sucrose in refractometer
1.034 +- .001
OVB seen in
nephrotic syndrome
hCG is produced by ____ of placenta
cytotrophoblast cells
rena stone that is yellow-brown, greasy and resembles old soap
cysteine
rgt used in Apt test
NaOH
ind. test for ammonia in CSF
CSF glutamate
counting chamber for undiluted semen specimen
Makler
sx used in Diagnex tubeless (blue) test
urine
gastric disorder characterized by absence of free HCl
perniciuos anemia
sputum is secreted by
tracheobronchial tree
enzyme added to reduce viscosity of synovial fluid
0.05% hyaluronidase
type of effusion in empyema
pleural empyema
trisomy 21 is
Down
most predominant cell in bronchoalveolar lavag
macrophage
tumor markers for urinary bladder cancer
NMP; CYFRA 21-1
preservtion for urine culture
ref
provided documentation for proper sample identification
chain of custody
Nomarski and Hoffman are what kind of microscopy?
interference contrast (maybe brightfield)
rinse hands in ___ position
downward
PDCA stands for
plan-do-check-act
centrifuges are calibrated every
3 months
positive in MPS paper test
blue color
first bowel movement of fetus
meconium
2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt is incorporate in ____ rgt strip
bilirubin
may be ppt-ed w/ tyrosine crystals when alcohol is added to urine
leucine
components of chain of infection
IREMES
infectious agent reservoir exit poratl MOT entry portal susc. host
use alcohol bases hand rubs when
hands not visibly soiled
best way to break infection
handwashing
hand wash for how long
15 secs
primary method of infection
hand contact
disinfection of the sink uses ______
1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite
preparation of 1:10 dilution sodium hypochlorite
1 part sodium hypochlorite to 9 parts water
best first aid for chemical spills
flush with large amounts of water for 15 mins
sharps are disposed in
puncture resistant container
HBD during handwashing sang__
2x
NFPA stands for
national fire protection assoc
levels in NFPA reactivity hazard
SUVSM
levels in NFPA health hazard
NSHED
degree of hazards
NoSMSEx
describe biohazard symbol
3 dark bordered circles joined together
PASS stands for
pull-aim-squeeze-sweep
it is required that all elec. equip. is grounded in a _____
three-pronged plug
flammables should be stored in safety cabinets and _______
explosion-proof ref
type A fire
paper, clothes etc
type B fire
flamm. liquids
type C fire
electrical equips
type D fire
flammable metals
type E fire
arsenal fire
type K fire
cooking media
extinguisher for type A fire
water
exting. for type C fire
halon
number of nephrons per kidney
1-1.5 million
basic unit of kidneys
nephrons
order of urine formation
glomerulus PCT DLH ALH DCT CD ------ calyx renal pelvis
renal functions
renal blood flow
glom. fil
tub. reab
tub. sec
which alter urine conc
PCT, LH, DCT, DC
which is impermeable to water
ALH
renal blood flow
1,200 ml/min
renal plasma flow
6600-700 ml/min
capillaries aorund the loop of henle
vasa recta
gomerulus resembles a
sieve
glom is non selective filter for substances with MW of
why is albumin not filtered despite fit size
shield of negativity
sp. gr. of glomerular filtrate
1.010
glucose renal threshold
160-180 mg/dl
corr. of lower hydration to ADH and urine volume
lower ADh, more urine volume
corr. of higher hydration to ADH and urine volume
higher ADH, less urine volume
first affected with renal disease
renal reab
100% reabsorbed
amino acids
40% reabsorbed
urea
regulates water reabsorption in DCT and CD
ADH/vasopressin
regulates sodium reabsorption
aldosterone
major site of reabsorption (65%)
PCT
ADH def.
DI
ADH excess
SIADH
system inittiated by low BP
RAAS
RAAS flow
angiotensin > angiotensin I by renin > angiotensin II by ACE
effect of angiotensin II
correct renal bld flow
release of aldo and ADF
increased sodium and water reab
increased bld press
reabsorbed actively
glucose, amino acids, salts, chloride, sodium
reabsorbed passively
water, urea, sodium
function of tubular secretion
eliminates waste
regulates acid-base
inability to produce acid urine
RTA
ph of blood in RTA
acidic
ph of urine in RTA
alkaline
why is urine alkaline in RTA
hydrogen ions not excreted in the urine
used to evaluate glomerular filtration
clearance test
formula of creatinine clearance
(UV/P) x (1.73/A)
formular by Cockgraft and Gault
[(140-age)(body wt)]/(72xserum crea)
varaibles in cockgroft and gault formula
age, sex, body wt in kg
normal value of crea clearance for male
107-139 ml/min
normal value of crea clearance for female
87-107 ml/min
used to evaluate tubular reabsorption
conc tests
obsolete test for tub. reabsorption
Fishberg
Mosenthal
patient is deprived of fluid for 24hrs
Fishberg
compare day and night urine in terms of volume and SG
Mosenthal
SG of urine in Fishberg
> 1.026
influenced by number and density of particles in solution
sp. gr.
influence by number of particles
osmolarity
commonly used tests for tub. reabsorption
sp. gr
osmolarity
tests for tubular secretion and renal blood flow
PAH and PSP
not filtered by glomerulus but secreted by tubule
PAH and PSP
urine composition
95-97% water
3-5% solids
formula for total solids in 24hrs
solids - 60 grams
major organic in urine
urea
amount of organic in urine
35 grams
amount of inorganic in urine
25 grams
major inorganic in urine
chloride
order of inorganics in urine
CHLORIDE > SODIUM > POTASSIUM
principal salt in urine
NaCL
ideal urine for routine UA
first morning
for routine and qualitative UA
random
2nd voided urine after a period of fasting; for glucose
2nd morning
for routine screening and culture
midstream
for bacterial culture
catheterized
bladder urine for anaerobic bacte culture and cytology
suprapubic aspirate
use of soft, clear plastic bag w/ adhesive
pediatric
for prostatic infection
three glass specimen
prostatic inf in thrre glass test if
no. of WBC and bact in 3rd is 10x > of 1st
2nd specimen in three glass is used as
control
urine sx for Addis count
12-hour
urine sx for nitrite determination
4-hour
why 4-hour urine for nitrite det.
nitrate to nitrite by bacteria takes 4 hour
for urobilinogen determiation
afternoon urine (2pm-4pm)
why afternoon urine for urobilinogen
diurnal variation, high activity in afternoon
required urine volume for drug testing
30-45 ml
temperature within 4 mins of urine in drug testing
32.5-37.7 oC
added to toilet water reservoir to prevent sx adulteration
blueing dye
urine sx should be tested within
2hrs
increased in unpreserved urine
PBaON
why ketones decrease in unpreserved sx
evap
why RBCs, WBCs, casts decrease in upreserved sx
disintegrate in alakline urine
least affected in unpreserved sx
protein
which preservatipom ppt amoprhous ruates and phosphates?
ref
excellent sediment preservative
formalin
preservative for Addis count
formalin
preservative bacteriostatic at 18g/L
boric acid
at what conc is boric acid bacteriostatic
18g/L
preserved proteins and formed elements well
boric acid
preservative that prevents glycolysis
sodium fluoride
alternative for sodium fluoride in preserving urine for rgt strip reading
sodium benzoate
preservative for cellular elements and sx used for cytology studies
saccomanno fixatives
components of saccomanno
50% ethanol + 2% carbowax
normal range of urine output
600-2000 mL/day
average urine output
1200-1500 ml/day
night:day ratio of urine output
1:2-1:3
volume required for routine UA using urinometer and rgt strip
10-15ml
urine output in polyuria
> 2000ml/day
urine output in oliguria
urine out in anuria
excretion of more than 500 mL of urine at night
nocturia
how to determine urine color
look down through the container against a white background
pigments in urine
urochrome
uroerythrin
urobilin
main pigment in urine and directly proportional to metabolic rate
urochrome
may deposit in amorphous urates and uric acid crystas
uroerythrin
a special cause of dark yellow urine
carotene
form yellow foam when shaken
bilirubin
orange and viscous urine with orange foam
pyridium
blue-green urine may be caused by
indican
portwine color urine is caused by
porphyrins
causes of brown or black urine
methem
homogentisic acid
melanin
how to determine urine clarity
view through newspaper print
soluble in ether
lipids
lymphatic fluid
chyle
soluble in dilute acetic acid
RBCs
amorphous phosphates
carbonates
insoluble in dilute acetic acid
WBCs
bacte
yeast
spermatozoa
soluble with heat
amorhpous urates
uric acid
aromatic odor of urine indicates
normal (due to presence of volatile acids from food)
fruity odor of urine indicates
ketones (DM, starvation, vomiting)
foul, ammoniacal odor of urine indicates
UTI
maple syrup odor of urine indicates
MSUD
mosuy odor of urine indicates
phenylketonuria
rancid butter odor of urine indicates
tyrosinemia
sweaty feet, acrid odor of urine indicates
isovaleric or glutaric acidemia
cabbage odor of urine indicates
methionine malabsorption
bleach odor of urine indicates
contam
sulfur odor of urine indicates
cystine disorder
rotting fish odor of urine indicates
trimethylaminuria
pungent odor of urine indicates
asparagus
onion
garlic
cause of pungent odor of urine from asparagus
methylmercaptan
swimming pool odor of urine indicates
hawkinsinuria
tomcat odor of urine indicates
multiple carboxylase deficiency
Oasthouse urine disease causes what odor of urine
hops
hawkinsinuria causes what odor of urine
swimming pool
cystine disorder causes what odor of urine
sulfur odor
PKU causes what odor of urine
mousy odor
ketones causes what odor of urine
fruity
tyrosinemia causes what odor of urine
rancid butter
trimethylaminuria causes what odor of urine
rotten fish
what causes asparagus odor in urine
asparagus
those read after 60secs in rgt strip
PPBUN
those read after 30secs in rgt strip
glucose
bili
read after 40secs in rgt strip
ketones
read after 45secs in rgt dtrip
sp gr
read after 120secsin rgt strip
leukocyte
parasite is positive in rgt strip leukocyte
Trichomonas
principle in rgt strip glucose
double sequential enzyme reaction
principle in rgt strip bilirubin
diazo rxn
principle in rgt strip ketones
Legal’s test
principle in rgt strip sp gr
pKa change of a polyelectrolyte
principle in rgt strip protein
protein error of indicators (Sorensen’s)
principle in rgt strip pH
double indicator system
principle in rgt strip blood
pseudoperoxidase activity of hgb
principle in rgt strip urobilinogen
Ehrlich’s rxn
principle in rgt strip nitrite
greiss rxn
principle in rgt strip leukocyte
leukocyte esterase
which to blot on a disposable absorbent pad
edge of strip
storage of rgt strips
cool, dry,
in reflectance photometry, what is the relation of reflection and color intensity
ind. proportional
positive color in rgt strip glucose
green to brown
positive color in rgt strip bilirubin
tan or pink to violet
positive color in rgt strip protein
blue
positive color in rgt strip blood
uniform green/blue
speckled or spotted blood rgt strip indicates
presence of intact RBCs
positive color in rgt strip nitrite
uniform pink
positive color in rgt strip leukocyte
purple
how long to dip a rgt strip in urine
not longer than 1 sec
principle of automated strip readers
reflectance photometry
normal SG of random urine
1.003 to 1.035
not urine when SG is
exception in rule of
in DM
SG > 1.040 is due to
radiographic dyes (in refractometer)
urine volume required in urinometer
10-15 mL
calibration temp for urinometer
20 oC
correction for every 3 oC below or above calib temp
+- .001
correction for every g/dL of glucose
+ .004
correction for every g/dL of protein
+ .003
used in calibrating urinometer
potassium sulfate
SG when calibrating urinometer
1.015
in refractometer, place ______ of urine in prism
1 or 2 drops
SG when refractometer is calibrated with distilled water
1.000
SG when refractometer is calibrated with 5% NaCl
1.022 +- .001
SG when refractometer is calibrated with 9% sucrose
1.034 +- .001
rgts in sp gr
basta may BROMTHYMOL BLUE
________ to SG reading when pH is greater or equal to 6.5
add .005
add .005 to SG reading when pH is
great or equal to 6.5
based on the frequency of soundwave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution
harmonic oscillation densitometry
Yellow IRIS stands for
international remote imaging system
required urine volume in IRIS diagnostics
6mL
volume used in IRIS slideless microscope
4mL
volume used in IRIS mass gravity meter
2mL
occurs after meals due to withdrawal of hydrogen ions for the ourpose of secreting HCl
alkaline tide
pH of random urine
4.5-8.0
pH of firss morning
5.0-6.0
a urine with pH of 9.0 indicates
old sx/unpreserved
parameter used in ID of crystals and qualifying specimen
pH
causes of acidic urine
diabetes mellitus
starvation
high protein diet
ccranberry juice
causes of alkaline urine
RTA
veg diet
after meal due to alkaline tide
vomiting
parameter most indicative of renal disease
protein
produce produces _______________ in urine when shaken
white foam
major serum protein found in the urine
albumin
other name of Tamm-Horsfall
uromodulin
normal value of albumin
> 10 mg/dL
bence jones proteins in urine indicates
multiple myeloma
BJP precipitates at _____ and dissolves at _____
40-60 oC;100 oC
normal albumin excretion rate
0-20 ug/min
AER in microalbuminuria
20-200 ug/min
AER in clinical albuminuria
> 200 ug/min
principle in micral test
enzyme immunoassay
proteinuria undetectable by routine rgt strip
microalbuminuria
indicator of glomerular proteinuria
microalbuminuria
causes of renal proteinuria
glomerular and tubular proteinuria
glomerular proteinuria is caused by
diabetic nephropathy
orthostatic proteinuria
normally filtered albumin can no longer be reabsorbed
tubular proteinuria
causes of tubular proteinuria
Fanconi
toxic agents
severe viral infections
rgt in protein strip
basta may TETRABROM
protein strip indicator is sensitive to
albumin
a cold pptation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein
sulfosalicylic acid
SSA procedure
3 mL 3% SSA + 3 mL centrifuged urine = (+) cloudiness
SSA grade 1+
distinct turbidity with no granulation
SSA grade 2+
turbidity with granulation but no flocc
SSA grade 3+
turbidity with granulation and flocculation
SSA grade 4+
clumps or protein
SSA grade trace
noticeable turbidity
protein range of a SSA grade of negative
protein range of a SSA grade of trace
6-30 mg/dL
protein range of a SSA grade of 1+
30-100
protein range of a SSA grade of 2+
100-200
protein range of a SSA grade of 3+
200-400
protein range of a SSA grade of 4+
> 400
most frequently tested in urine
glucose (dextrose)
renal threshold of glucose
160-180 mg/dL
plasma conc of a substance which tubular reabsorption stops
renal threshold
other sugars in urine can be ID with
thin layer chrom
urine sugar elevated in galactosemia
galactose
sugar negative in copper reductiont est
sucrose
hyperglycemia-assoc glucose would show _____ bld gluc and ____ urine gluc
elev;elev
renal-assoc glucose would show _____ bld gluc and ___ urine gluc
normal;elev
dx defective tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acids
Fanconi’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome has elev. _______
cortisol
pheochromocytoma has elev. _____
catecholamines
acromegaly has elev. ___
GH
hyperthyroidism has elev. ____
t3 and t4
causes of hyperglycemia-assoc glucosuria
DM Cushing's pheochromocytoma acromegaly hyperthyroidism
cause of renal-assoc glucosuria
Fanconi’s syndrome
enzymes used in the double sequential of glucose rgt strip
glucose peroxidase
peroxidase
sensitivity of the glucose rgt pad
100 mg/dL
affected by asccorbic acid
BB LNG
high or low temo can cause false neg in glucose strip
low
this occurs when >2 g/dL sugar is present
pass through pheno
to prevent pass through, ________
use 2drops of urine only
the principle of clinitest or benedict’s test
copper reduction
result from increased fat metabolism due ti unability to metabolize carbohydrates
ketones
seen in DM1, vomiting, starvation and malabsorptio
ketones
major ketone but not detected in rgt strip
beta hyddroxybutyric acid
percent of beta hydroxybutyric acid in urine
78%
percent of acetoacetic acid in urine
20%
the parent ketone, and detected by the rgt strip
acetoacetic acidd
percent of acetone in urine
2%
ketone bodies found in urine
beta hydroxybutyric acid
acetoacetic acid
acetone
rgt strip for ketones is read after
40secs
positive result in ketone rgt strip
purple
rgt in ketone rgt strip
sodium nitroprusside
principle of ketone rgt strip
lega’s test (sodium nitroprusside rxn)
micrscopic analysis of cloudy red urine would show
intact RBCs
clear red urine can be ssen due to
intravascular hemolysiss
clear red (reddish brown) urine is seen in
rhabdomyolysis
which is more toxic to renal tubules, hgb or mgb?
myoglobin
plasma exam of hemoglobinuria would show
red/pink plasma, dec. hatoglobin
plasma exam of myoglobinuria would show
pale yellow plasma, elev. CK and aldolase
blondheim’s test uses
ammonium sulfate
blondheim’s test is for
hgb vs. mgb
hgb or mgb i ppted by ammonium sulfate
hgb
hgb or mgb is not ppted by ammonium sulfate
mgb
negative rgt strip in blondheim would indicate
hgburia
rgt pads read after 60secs
PPBUN
principle of blood rgt pad
pseudoperoxidase activity of hgb
rgts in blood rgt pad
basta may TETRAMETHYLBENZINE
speckeld, spotted in blood rgt pad indicates
intact RBCs
positive result in blood rgt pad shows
uniform green/blue
water soluble bilirubin, and the one seen in urine
conjugated bilirubin
urine appearance of positive bilirubin
amber urine w/ yellow foam
more sensitive test for bilirubin with less interference
ictotest
principle in bilirubin rgt pad
diazo rxn
rgt in bilirubin rgt pad
basta my DICHLORO..diazonium salt
______ is converted by heme oxidase into _______
protoporphyrin IX;biliverdin
_____ is converted by biliverdin reductase into ____
biliverdin;unconj. bilirubin
UDPGT stands for
uridine diphosphate glucoronyl transferase
unconj bili is converted to conj bili by
UDPGT
brown pigment in stool
urobilin (stercobilin)
pigment that appears in old specimen
urobilin (brown)
color of urine urobilinogen
colorless
the only parameters that uses Ehrlich unit
urobili
bile pigment that result from hgb degradation
urobili
kelan may conj. bilirubin sa ihi, aling hepa shit
post-hepatic/obstruction
principle of urobili rgt pad
Ehrlich’s rxn
rgt in urobilinogen pad
PDAB/p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
test to differentiate urobiili, porphobili, and other ehrlich-reactive compounds
Watson-Schwartz test
if both becomes red and is extracted by both butanol and chloroform in the Watson-Schwartz test, it is
urobilinogen
if both is not extracted by butanol and chloroform in the Watson Schwartz test, it is
porphobilinogen
if extracted only by butanol, it is
other Ehrlich-reactive shits
rapid screening test for porphobilinogen (>2mg//dL)
Hoesch test
component of Hoesch rgt
Ehrlich rgt in 6M/6N Hcl
specimen for nitrite
1st morning or 4hr urine
rapid screening test for UTI/bacteriuria
nitrite
principle of nitrite rgt pad
greiss test
positive result in nitrite rgt strip shows
uniform pink
rgt in nitrite pad
basta may QUINOLINE
pink spots or edges in nitrite pad is considered as
negative
siginifcant in diagnosis of UTI/ inflammation and screening for urine culture specimen
leukocyte
rgt in leuko rgt pad
basta may ESTER
principle in leuko rgt pad
leukocyte esterase
positive result in leuko rgt pad
purple
leukocyte with no esterase activity
lymphocyte
parasite with esterase activity
Trichomonas
ascorbic acid causes _______ in BBLNG reactions
false negative
11th rgt pad
ascorbic acid
more accurate quantitative method for ascorbic acid
GC-MS
C-stix reading after ___ secs
10
stix reading after ____ secs
60secs
rgt in ascorbic acid pad
phosphomolybdate
quantitative measure of formed elements of urine using hemayctometer
addis count
specimen for addis count
12hr urine
preservative for addis count
formalin
normal RBC count in addis count
0-500k/12hr urine
normal WBC count in addis count
0-1.2M/12hrr urine
normal hyaline cast in addis count
0-5k/12hr urrine
microscope that enhances visual of elements with low refrac. index
phase-contrast
microscope for 3D image
interference field (bright fiel may be adapted)
microscope for ID of treponemma pallidum
dark field
the differential interference contrast microscope
nomarski
the modulation interference contrast micrscope
hoffman
sediment stain for WBCs, epith cells and casts
Sternheimer-Malbin
stain that differentiate RBCs from WBCs, yeast, oil droplets and ccrystals
2% acetic acid
stain that differentiates WBCs and RTEs
toluidine blue
stain that identifies urinary esoinophils
hansel stain
stain taht identifies hemosiderin granules and casts
prussian blue
stain that identifies free fat droplets and lipid-containing cells and casts
lipid stains
components of lipid stains
oil red O and sudan III
components of Hansel stains
eosin Y and methylene blue
component of Sternheimer-Malbin
crystal violet and safranin O
normal value of RBCs in ruine
0-2/0-3
RBCs in hypertonic urine ____
crenates
RBCs in hypotonic urine ____
swells
RBCs in glomerular membrane damaga
dysmorphic w/ projections, fragmented
normal value of WBCs in urine
0-5/0-8
in ______ urine, granules swell and undergo ______ producing sparkling appearance, these are called _____
hypotonic;Brownian movement;Glitter cells
> 1% of _____ indicates association with drug-induced _______
esinophils;interstitial nephtritis
serves as the point of reference in focusing the mircoscope
squamous epithelial cells
largest cell with abundant irregular cytoplasm and prominent nucleus
squamous epithelial cells
squamous covered with gardnerella vaginalis
clue cells
also called the bladder cells
transitional eipthelial/urothelial cells
where are squamous cells found
vagina
femal urethra
lower male urethra
centrally located nucleus, spherical polyhedral or caudate cell
transitional epithelial cells
increased number of urothelial cells are seen in
catheterization
most clinically signifaicant epitherlial cells
RTE
> 2 RTE/hpf indicates
tubular injury
rectangular, polyhedral, cuboidal or columnar epith cell wih eccentric nucleus
RTE
RTE cell variations
oval fat body]
bubbble cells
lipid-containing RTE
oval fat bodies
oval fat bodies are seen in
nephrotic syndrome
appearance of oval fat bodies in polarizing microscope
maltese cross
RTE cells w/ nonlipid-filled vacuoles
bubble cells
RTE seen in acute tubular necrosis
bubble cell
UTI would have ________ in ruine
bacteria + WBCs
true yeast infection would have ____ in urine
yeast + WBCs
agent of ping pong diseasE
trichomonas vaginalis
trichomonas vaginalis causes
ping pong disease
motility and shape of T. vaginalis
pear shaped flagellate with jerky motility
small refractile oval structures that may or may not bud
yeast
appearance of s. haematobium
terminal spine
markers for urinary bladder cancer
NMP
CYFRA 21-1
a urinary bladder cancer marker that is also in lungs
CYFRA 21-1
specimen for S. haemotobium
24hr urine
most common fecal containant
enterobius vermicularis ova
major constituent of mucus threads
Tamm Horsfall
other name of tamm Horsfall
uromodulin
quantitation of epith cells
0-5
5-20
20-100
>100
quantitation of crystals (normal)
0-2
2-5
5-20
>20
quantitation of bacteria
0-10
10-50
50-200
>200
quantitation of mucus threads
0-1
1-3
3-10
>10
presence of casts in urine
cylindruria
casts are formed in
DCT and CD
Tamm Horsfall is produced by
RTE
sequence of cast formation
hyaline > cellular > coarsgely granular > finely granular > waxy
final degenerative form of cast
waxy
cast in chronic renal failure
waxy cast
why cellular cast ebcomes granular in cell stasis
cells disintegrate
cast with tapered end
cylindroid
casts found in strenous activity
hyaline
RBC
granular
prototype cast
hyaline cast
cast due to bleeding within the nephron
RBC cast
cast due to inflammation within the nephron
WBC cast
WBC casts are seen in
pyelonephritis
acute interstitial nephritis
RBC casts are seen in
glumerulonephritis and strenous exercise
waxy casts are seen in
stasis of urine flow
chronic renal failure
boad casts are seen in
extreme stasis
renal failure
bacterial casts are seen in
pyelonephritis
granules are derived from the _____ of RTE cells during normal metab
lysosomes
broad cast aka
renal failure cast
indicates the widening of tubular walls
broad cast
formed by the precipitation of urine salts
crystals
crystals in urine
crystalluria
factors that contribute to crystal formation
pH
temp
solute conc.
brick dust crystal / yellow brown granules
amorp. urates
most pleomorhic crystal
uric acid
shapes of uric acid
whetstone, lemon shaped, rhombic, wedge
orange sand
Lesch Nyhan
orange sand is associated with what crystal
uric acid
shape of dihydrate caox
envelope/pyramidal
shape of monohydrate caox
dubbell/oval
other name of dihydrate caox
whddelite
other name of monohydrate caox
whewellite
caox can bee acquired from food high in ____
ascorbic acid
crystal that’s cigarette butt appearance
calcium phosphate
caox may be seen in
ethylene glycol poisoning
yellow-brown or colorless elongated prism
hippuric acid
white ppt in macroscopic, granular in appearance
amorphous phosphate
usually resides in amorp urates
uroerythrin
macroscopic of amorph urates
pink sediment
an nati-freee agent tht elevates whewellite
ethylene glycol
yellow-brown thorny apple
ammonium biurate
ammonium biurate and triple phosphates appear due to
presence of urea-splitting bacteria
colorless, prism shaped
triple phosphate
appearance of triple phophate when it disappears
feathery
another appearance of triple phosphate acccdg to Harr
fern-leaf
other name of calcium phosphate
apatite
other name of triple phosphate
struvite
colorless, flat, thin prism in rosette forms
calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate rosettes may resemble
sulfonamide crystals
small colorless, dumbbell or spherical shaped, which forms gas after addition of acetic acid (effervescence)
calcium carbonate
other forms of calcium phosphate
hydroxyapatite
brushite
hydroxyapatite aka
basic calcium phosphate
brushite aka
calcium hydrogen phosphate
