CLINICAL MICROSCOPY Flashcards by Zeth Renae Raquedan

white quadrant in NFPA

specific hazard

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yellow in NFPA

reactivity

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blue in NFPA

health hazard

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red in NFPA

flammability

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RACE stands for

rescue-alarm-close-attempt

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glucose is reabsorbed in what part on the nephron

PCT

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principle of automated strip readers

reflectance photometry

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sp. gr. of 4% sucrose in refractometer

1.034 +- .001

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OVB seen in

nephrotic syndrome

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hCG is produced by ____ of placenta

cytotrophoblast cells

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rena stone that is yellow-brown, greasy and resembles old soap

cysteine

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rgt used in Apt test

NaOH

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ind. test for ammonia in CSF

CSF glutamate

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counting chamber for undiluted semen specimen

Makler

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sx used in Diagnex tubeless (blue) test

urine

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gastric disorder characterized by absence of free HCl

perniciuos anemia

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sputum is secreted by

tracheobronchial tree

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enzyme added to reduce viscosity of synovial fluid

0.05% hyaluronidase

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type of effusion in empyema

pleural empyema

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trisomy 21 is

Down

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most predominant cell in bronchoalveolar lavag

macrophage

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tumor markers for urinary bladder cancer

NMP; CYFRA 21-1

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preservtion for urine culture

ref

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provided documentation for proper sample identification

chain of custody

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Nomarski and Hoffman are what kind of microscopy?

interference contrast (maybe brightfield)

rinse hands in ___ position

downward

PDCA stands for

plan-do-check-act

centrifuges are calibrated every

3 months

positive in MPS paper test

blue color

first bowel movement of fetus

meconium

2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt is incorporate in ____ rgt strip

bilirubin

may be ppt-ed w/ tyrosine crystals when alcohol is added to urine

leucine

components of chain of infection

IREMES ``` infectious agent reservoir exit poratl MOT entry portal susc. host ```

use alcohol bases hand rubs when

hands not visibly soiled

best way to break infection

handwashing

hand wash for how long

15 secs

primary method of infection

hand contact

disinfection of the sink uses ______

1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite

preparation of 1:10 dilution sodium hypochlorite

1 part sodium hypochlorite to 9 parts water

best first aid for chemical spills

flush with large amounts of water for 15 mins

sharps are disposed in

puncture resistant container

HBD during handwashing sang__

NFPA stands for

national fire protection assoc

levels in NFPA reactivity hazard

SUVSM

levels in NFPA health hazard

NSHED

degree of hazards

NoSMSEx

describe biohazard symbol

3 dark bordered circles joined together

PASS stands for

pull-aim-squeeze-sweep

it is required that all elec. equip. is grounded in a _____

three-pronged plug

flammables should be stored in safety cabinets and _______

explosion-proof ref

type A fire

paper, clothes etc

type B fire

flamm. liquids

type C fire

electrical equips

type D fire

flammable metals

type E fire

arsenal fire

type K fire

cooking media

extinguisher for type A fire

water

exting. for type C fire

halon

number of nephrons per kidney

1-1.5 million

basic unit of kidneys

nephrons

order of urine formation

``` glomerulus PCT DLH ALH DCT CD ------ calyx renal pelvis ```

renal functions

renal blood flow glom. fil tub. reab tub. sec

which alter urine conc

PCT, LH, DCT, DC

which is impermeable to water

ALH

renal blood flow

1,200 ml/min

renal plasma flow

6600-700 ml/min

capillaries aorund the loop of henle

vasa recta

gomerulus resembles a

sieve

glom is non selective filter for substances with MW of

why is albumin not filtered despite fit size

shield of negativity

sp. gr. of glomerular filtrate

1.010

glucose renal threshold

160-180 mg/dl

corr. of lower hydration to ADH and urine volume

lower ADh, more urine volume

corr. of higher hydration to ADH and urine volume

higher ADH, less urine volume

first affected with renal disease

renal reab

100% reabsorbed

amino acids

40% reabsorbed

urea

regulates water reabsorption in DCT and CD

ADH/vasopressin

regulates sodium reabsorption

aldosterone

major site of reabsorption (65%)

PCT

ADH def.

ADH excess

SIADH

system inittiated by low BP

RAAS

RAAS flow

angiotensin > angiotensin I by renin > angiotensin II by ACE

effect of angiotensin II

correct renal bld flow release of aldo and ADF increased sodium and water reab increased bld press

reabsorbed actively

glucose, amino acids, salts, chloride, sodium

reabsorbed passively

water, urea, sodium

function of tubular secretion

eliminates waste | regulates acid-base

inability to produce acid urine

RTA

ph of blood in RTA

acidic

ph of urine in RTA

alkaline

why is urine alkaline in RTA

hydrogen ions not excreted in the urine

used to evaluate glomerular filtration

clearance test

formula of creatinine clearance

(UV/P) x (1.73/A)

formular by Cockgraft and Gault

[(140-age)(body wt)]/(72xserum crea)

varaibles in cockgroft and gault formula

age, sex, body wt in kg

normal value of crea clearance for male

107-139 ml/min

normal value of crea clearance for female

87-107 ml/min

used to evaluate tubular reabsorption

conc tests

obsolete test for tub. reabsorption

Fishberg | Mosenthal

patient is deprived of fluid for 24hrs

Fishberg

compare day and night urine in terms of volume and SG

Mosenthal

SG of urine in Fishberg

>1.026

influenced by number and density of particles in solution

sp. gr.

influence by number of particles

osmolarity

commonly used tests for tub. reabsorption

sp. gr | osmolarity

tests for tubular secretion and renal blood flow

PAH and PSP

not filtered by glomerulus but secreted by tubule

PAH and PSP

urine composition

95-97% water | 3-5% solids

formula for total solids in 24hrs

solids - 60 grams

major organic in urine

urea

amount of organic in urine

35 grams

amount of inorganic in urine

25 grams

major inorganic in urine

chloride

order of inorganics in urine

CHLORIDE > SODIUM > POTASSIUM

principal salt in urine

NaCL

ideal urine for routine UA

first morning

for routine and qualitative UA

random

2nd voided urine after a period of fasting; for glucose

2nd morning

for routine screening and culture

midstream

for bacterial culture

catheterized

bladder urine for anaerobic bacte culture and cytology

suprapubic aspirate

use of soft, clear plastic bag w/ adhesive

pediatric

for prostatic infection

three glass specimen

prostatic inf in thrre glass test if

no. of WBC and bact in 3rd is 10x > of 1st

2nd specimen in three glass is used as

control

urine sx for Addis count

12-hour

urine sx for nitrite determination

4-hour

why 4-hour urine for nitrite det.

nitrate to nitrite by bacteria takes 4 hour

for urobilinogen determiation

afternoon urine (2pm-4pm)

why afternoon urine for urobilinogen

diurnal variation, high activity in afternoon

required urine volume for drug testing

30-45 ml

temperature within 4 mins of urine in drug testing

32.5-37.7 oC

added to toilet water reservoir to prevent sx adulteration

blueing dye

urine sx should be tested within

2hrs

increased in unpreserved urine

PBaON

why ketones decrease in unpreserved sx

evap

why RBCs, WBCs, casts decrease in upreserved sx

disintegrate in alakline urine

least affected in unpreserved sx

protein

which preservatipom ppt amoprhous ruates and phosphates?

ref

excellent sediment preservative

formalin

preservative for Addis count

formalin

preservative bacteriostatic at 18g/L

boric acid

at what conc is boric acid bacteriostatic

18g/L

preserved proteins and formed elements well

boric acid

preservative that prevents glycolysis

sodium fluoride

alternative for sodium fluoride in preserving urine for rgt strip reading

sodium benzoate

preservative for cellular elements and sx used for cytology studies

saccomanno fixatives

components of saccomanno

50% ethanol + 2% carbowax

normal range of urine output

600-2000 mL/day

average urine output

1200-1500 ml/day

night:day ratio of urine output

1:2-1:3

volume required for routine UA using urinometer and rgt strip

10-15ml

urine output in polyuria

>2000ml/day

urine output in oliguria

urine out in anuria

excretion of more than 500 mL of urine at night

nocturia

how to determine urine color

look down through the container against a white background

pigments in urine

urochrome uroerythrin urobilin

main pigment in urine and directly proportional to metabolic rate

urochrome

may deposit in amorphous urates and uric acid crystas

uroerythrin

a special cause of dark yellow urine

carotene

form yellow foam when shaken

bilirubin

orange and viscous urine with orange foam

pyridium

blue-green urine may be caused by

indican

portwine color urine is caused by

porphyrins

causes of brown or black urine

methem homogentisic acid melanin

how to determine urine clarity

view through newspaper print

soluble in ether

lipids lymphatic fluid chyle

soluble in dilute acetic acid

RBCs amorphous phosphates carbonates

insoluble in dilute acetic acid

WBCs bacte yeast spermatozoa

soluble with heat

amorhpous urates | uric acid

aromatic odor of urine indicates

normal (due to presence of volatile acids from food)

fruity odor of urine indicates

ketones (DM, starvation, vomiting)

foul, ammoniacal odor of urine indicates

UTI

maple syrup odor of urine indicates

MSUD

mosuy odor of urine indicates

phenylketonuria

rancid butter odor of urine indicates

tyrosinemia

sweaty feet, acrid odor of urine indicates

isovaleric or glutaric acidemia

cabbage odor of urine indicates

methionine malabsorption

bleach odor of urine indicates

contam

sulfur odor of urine indicates

cystine disorder

rotting fish odor of urine indicates

trimethylaminuria

pungent odor of urine indicates

asparagus onion garlic

cause of pungent odor of urine from asparagus

methylmercaptan

swimming pool odor of urine indicates

hawkinsinuria

tomcat odor of urine indicates

multiple carboxylase deficiency

Oasthouse urine disease causes what odor of urine

hops

hawkinsinuria causes what odor of urine

swimming pool

cystine disorder causes what odor of urine

sulfur odor

PKU causes what odor of urine

mousy odor

ketones causes what odor of urine

fruity

tyrosinemia causes what odor of urine

rancid butter

trimethylaminuria causes what odor of urine

rotten fish

what causes asparagus odor in urine

asparagus

those read after 60secs in rgt strip

PPBUN

those read after 30secs in rgt strip

glucose | bili

read after 40secs in rgt strip

ketones

read after 45secs in rgt dtrip

sp gr

read after 120secsin rgt strip

leukocyte

parasite is positive in rgt strip leukocyte

Trichomonas

principle in rgt strip glucose

double sequential enzyme reaction

principle in rgt strip bilirubin

diazo rxn

principle in rgt strip ketones

Legal's test

principle in rgt strip sp gr

pKa change of a polyelectrolyte

principle in rgt strip protein

protein error of indicators (Sorensen's)

principle in rgt strip pH

double indicator system

principle in rgt strip blood

pseudoperoxidase activity of hgb

principle in rgt strip urobilinogen

Ehrlich's rxn

principle in rgt strip nitrite

greiss rxn

principle in rgt strip leukocyte

leukocyte esterase

which to blot on a disposable absorbent pad

edge of strip

storage of rgt strips

cool, dry,

in reflectance photometry, what is the relation of reflection and color intensity

ind. proportional

positive color in rgt strip glucose

green to brown

positive color in rgt strip bilirubin

tan or pink to violet

positive color in rgt strip protein

blue

positive color in rgt strip blood

uniform green/blue

speckled or spotted blood rgt strip indicates

presence of intact RBCs

positive color in rgt strip nitrite

uniform pink

positive color in rgt strip leukocyte

purple

how long to dip a rgt strip in urine

not longer than 1 sec

principle of automated strip readers

reflectance photometry

normal SG of random urine

1.003 to 1.035

not urine when SG is

exception in rule of

in DM

SG > 1.040 is due to

radiographic dyes (in refractometer)

urine volume required in urinometer

10-15 mL

calibration temp for urinometer

20 oC

correction for every 3 oC below or above calib temp

+- .001

correction for every g/dL of glucose

+ .004

correction for every g/dL of protein

+ .003

used in calibrating urinometer

potassium sulfate

SG when calibrating urinometer

1.015

in refractometer, place ______ of urine in prism

1 or 2 drops

SG when refractometer is calibrated with distilled water

1.000

SG when refractometer is calibrated with 5% NaCl

1.022 +- .001

SG when refractometer is calibrated with 9% sucrose

1.034 +- .001

rgts in sp gr

basta may BROMTHYMOL BLUE

________ to SG reading when pH is greater or equal to 6.5

add .005

add .005 to SG reading when pH is

great or equal to 6.5

based on the frequency of soundwave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution

harmonic oscillation densitometry

Yellow IRIS stands for

international remote imaging system

required urine volume in IRIS diagnostics

6mL

volume used in IRIS slideless microscope

4mL

volume used in IRIS mass gravity meter

2mL

occurs after meals due to withdrawal of hydrogen ions for the ourpose of secreting HCl

alkaline tide

pH of random urine

4.5-8.0

pH of firss morning

5.0-6.0

a urine with pH of 9.0 indicates

old sx/unpreserved

parameter used in ID of crystals and qualifying specimen

causes of acidic urine

diabetes mellitus starvation high protein diet ccranberry juice

causes of alkaline urine

RTA veg diet after meal due to alkaline tide vomiting

parameter most indicative of renal disease

protein

produce produces _______________ in urine when shaken

white foam

major serum protein found in the urine

albumin

other name of Tamm-Horsfall

uromodulin

normal value of albumin

> 10 mg/dL

bence jones proteins in urine indicates

multiple myeloma

BJP precipitates at _____ and dissolves at _____

40-60 oC;100 oC

normal albumin excretion rate

0-20 ug/min

AER in microalbuminuria

20-200 ug/min

AER in clinical albuminuria

>200 ug/min

principle in micral test

enzyme immunoassay

proteinuria undetectable by routine rgt strip

microalbuminuria

indicator of glomerular proteinuria

microalbuminuria

causes of renal proteinuria

glomerular and tubular proteinuria

glomerular proteinuria is caused by

diabetic nephropathy | orthostatic proteinuria

normally filtered albumin can no longer be reabsorbed

tubular proteinuria

causes of tubular proteinuria

Fanconi toxic agents severe viral infections

rgt in protein strip

basta may TETRABROM

protein strip indicator is sensitive to

albumin

a cold pptation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein

sulfosalicylic acid

SSA procedure

3 mL 3% SSA + 3 mL centrifuged urine = (+) cloudiness

SSA grade 1+

distinct turbidity with no granulation

SSA grade 2+

turbidity with granulation but no flocc

SSA grade 3+

turbidity with granulation and flocculation

SSA grade 4+

clumps or protein

SSA grade trace

noticeable turbidity

protein range of a SSA grade of negative

protein range of a SSA grade of trace

6-30 mg/dL

protein range of a SSA grade of 1+

30-100

protein range of a SSA grade of 2+

100-200

protein range of a SSA grade of 3+

200-400

protein range of a SSA grade of 4+

>400

most frequently tested in urine

glucose (dextrose)

renal threshold of glucose

160-180 mg/dL

plasma conc of a substance which tubular reabsorption stops

renal threshold

other sugars in urine can be ID with

thin layer chrom

urine sugar elevated in galactosemia

galactose

sugar negative in copper reductiont est

sucrose

hyperglycemia-assoc glucose would show _____ bld gluc and ____ urine gluc

elev;elev

renal-assoc glucose would show _____ bld gluc and ___ urine gluc

normal;elev

dx defective tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acids

Fanconi's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome has elev. _______

cortisol

pheochromocytoma has elev. _____

catecholamines

acromegaly has elev. ___

hyperthyroidism has elev. ____

t3 and t4

causes of hyperglycemia-assoc glucosuria

``` DM Cushing's pheochromocytoma acromegaly hyperthyroidism ```

cause of renal-assoc glucosuria

Fanconi's syndrome

enzymes used in the double sequential of glucose rgt strip

glucose peroxidase | peroxidase

sensitivity of the glucose rgt pad

100 mg/dL

affected by asccorbic acid

BB LNG

high or low temo can cause false neg in glucose strip

low

this occurs when >2 g/dL sugar is present

pass through pheno

to prevent pass through, ________

use 2drops of urine only

the principle of clinitest or benedict's test

copper reduction

result from increased fat metabolism due ti unability to metabolize carbohydrates

ketones

seen in DM1, vomiting, starvation and malabsorptio

ketones

major ketone but not detected in rgt strip

beta hyddroxybutyric acid

percent of beta hydroxybutyric acid in urine

78%

percent of acetoacetic acid in urine

20%

the parent ketone, and detected by the rgt strip

acetoacetic acidd

percent of acetone in urine

ketone bodies found in urine

beta hydroxybutyric acid acetoacetic acid acetone

rgt strip for ketones is read after

40secs

positive result in ketone rgt strip

purple

rgt in ketone rgt strip

sodium nitroprusside

principle of ketone rgt strip

lega's test (sodium nitroprusside rxn)

micrscopic analysis of cloudy red urine would show

intact RBCs

clear red urine can be ssen due to

intravascular hemolysiss

clear red (reddish brown) urine is seen in

rhabdomyolysis

which is more toxic to renal tubules, hgb or mgb?

myoglobin

plasma exam of hemoglobinuria would show

red/pink plasma, dec. hatoglobin

plasma exam of myoglobinuria would show

pale yellow plasma, elev. CK and aldolase

blondheim's test uses

ammonium sulfate

blondheim's test is for

hgb vs. mgb

hgb or mgb i ppted by ammonium sulfate

hgb

hgb or mgb is not ppted by ammonium sulfate

mgb

negative rgt strip in blondheim would indicate

hgburia

rgt pads read after 60secs

PPBUN

principle of blood rgt pad

pseudoperoxidase activity of hgb

rgts in blood rgt pad

basta may TETRAMETHYLBENZINE

speckeld, spotted in blood rgt pad indicates

intact RBCs

positive result in blood rgt pad shows

uniform green/blue

water soluble bilirubin, and the one seen in urine

conjugated bilirubin

urine appearance of positive bilirubin

amber urine w/ yellow foam

more sensitive test for bilirubin with less interference

ictotest

principle in bilirubin rgt pad

diazo rxn

rgt in bilirubin rgt pad

basta my DICHLORO..diazonium salt

______ is converted by heme oxidase into _______

protoporphyrin IX;biliverdin

_____ is converted by biliverdin reductase into ____

biliverdin;unconj. bilirubin

UDPGT stands for

uridine diphosphate glucoronyl transferase

unconj bili is converted to conj bili by

UDPGT

brown pigment in stool

urobilin (stercobilin)

pigment that appears in old specimen

urobilin (brown)

color of urine urobilinogen

colorless

the only parameters that uses Ehrlich unit

urobili

bile pigment that result from hgb degradation

urobili

kelan may conj. bilirubin sa ihi, aling hepa shit

post-hepatic/obstruction

principle of urobili rgt pad

Ehrlich's rxn

rgt in urobilinogen pad

PDAB/p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

test to differentiate urobiili, porphobili, and other ehrlich-reactive compounds

Watson-Schwartz test

if both becomes red and is extracted by both butanol and chloroform in the Watson-Schwartz test, it is

urobilinogen

if both is not extracted by butanol and chloroform in the Watson Schwartz test, it is

porphobilinogen

if extracted only by butanol, it is

other Ehrlich-reactive shits

rapid screening test for porphobilinogen (>2mg//dL)

Hoesch test

component of Hoesch rgt

Ehrlich rgt in 6M/6N Hcl

specimen for nitrite

1st morning or 4hr urine

rapid screening test for UTI/bacteriuria

nitrite

principle of nitrite rgt pad

greiss test

positive result in nitrite rgt strip shows

uniform pink

rgt in nitrite pad

basta may QUINOLINE

pink spots or edges in nitrite pad is considered as

negative

siginifcant in diagnosis of UTI/ inflammation and screening for urine culture specimen

leukocyte

rgt in leuko rgt pad

basta may ESTER

principle in leuko rgt pad

leukocyte esterase

positive result in leuko rgt pad

purple

leukocyte with no esterase activity

lymphocyte

parasite with esterase activity

Trichomonas

ascorbic acid causes _______ in BBLNG reactions

false negative

11th rgt pad

ascorbic acid

more accurate quantitative method for ascorbic acid

GC-MS

C-stix reading after ___ secs

stix reading after ____ secs

60secs

rgt in ascorbic acid pad

phosphomolybdate

quantitative measure of formed elements of urine using hemayctometer

addis count

specimen for addis count

12hr urine

preservative for addis count

formalin

normal RBC count in addis count

0-500k/12hr urine

normal WBC count in addis count

0-1.2M/12hrr urine

normal hyaline cast in addis count

0-5k/12hr urrine

microscope that enhances visual of elements with low refrac. index

phase-contrast

microscope for 3D image

interference field (bright fiel may be adapted)

microscope for ID of treponemma pallidum

dark field

the differential interference contrast microscope

nomarski

the modulation interference contrast micrscope

hoffman

sediment stain for WBCs, epith cells and casts

Sternheimer-Malbin

stain that differentiate RBCs from WBCs, yeast, oil droplets and ccrystals

2% acetic acid

stain that differentiates WBCs and RTEs

toluidine blue

stain that identifies urinary esoinophils

hansel stain

stain taht identifies hemosiderin granules and casts

prussian blue

stain that identifies free fat droplets and lipid-containing cells and casts

lipid stains

components of lipid stains

oil red O and sudan III

components of Hansel stains

eosin Y and methylene blue

component of Sternheimer-Malbin

crystal violet and safranin O

normal value of RBCs in ruine

0-2/0-3

RBCs in hypertonic urine ____

crenates

RBCs in hypotonic urine ____

swells

RBCs in glomerular membrane damaga

dysmorphic w/ projections, fragmented

normal value of WBCs in urine

0-5/0-8

in ______ urine, granules swell and undergo ______ producing sparkling appearance, these are called _____

hypotonic;Brownian movement;Glitter cells

>1% of _____ indicates association with drug-induced _______

esinophils;interstitial nephtritis

serves as the point of reference in focusing the mircoscope

squamous epithelial cells

largest cell with abundant irregular cytoplasm and prominent nucleus

squamous epithelial cells

squamous covered with gardnerella vaginalis

clue cells

also called the bladder cells

transitional eipthelial/urothelial cells

where are squamous cells found

vagina femal urethra lower male urethra

centrally located nucleus, spherical polyhedral or caudate cell

transitional epithelial cells

increased number of urothelial cells are seen in

catheterization

most clinically signifaicant epitherlial cells

RTE

>2 RTE/hpf indicates

tubular injury

rectangular, polyhedral, cuboidal or columnar epith cell wih eccentric nucleus

RTE

RTE cell variations

oval fat body] | bubbble cells

lipid-containing RTE

oval fat bodies

oval fat bodies are seen in

nephrotic syndrome

appearance of oval fat bodies in polarizing microscope

maltese cross

RTE cells w/ nonlipid-filled vacuoles

bubble cells

RTE seen in acute tubular necrosis

bubble cell

UTI would have ________ in ruine

bacteria + WBCs

true yeast infection would have ____ in urine

yeast + WBCs

agent of ping pong diseasE

trichomonas vaginalis

trichomonas vaginalis causes

ping pong disease

motility and shape of T. vaginalis

pear shaped flagellate with jerky motility

small refractile oval structures that may or may not bud

yeast

appearance of s. haematobium

terminal spine

markers for urinary bladder cancer

NMP | CYFRA 21-1

a urinary bladder cancer marker that is also in lungs

CYFRA 21-1

specimen for S. haemotobium

24hr urine

most common fecal containant

enterobius vermicularis ova

major constituent of mucus threads

Tamm Horsfall

other name of tamm Horsfall

uromodulin

quantitation of epith cells

0-5 5-20 20-100 >100

quantitation of crystals (normal)

0-2 2-5 5-20 >20

quantitation of bacteria

0-10 10-50 50-200 >200

quantitation of mucus threads

0-1 1-3 3-10 >10

presence of casts in urine

cylindruria

casts are formed in

DCT and CD

Tamm Horsfall is produced by

RTE

sequence of cast formation

hyaline > cellular > coarsgely granular > finely granular > waxy

final degenerative form of cast

waxy

cast in chronic renal failure

waxy cast

why cellular cast ebcomes granular in cell stasis

cells disintegrate

cast with tapered end

cylindroid

casts found in strenous activity

hyaline RBC granular

prototype cast

hyaline cast

cast due to bleeding within the nephron

RBC cast

cast due to inflammation within the nephron

WBC cast

WBC casts are seen in

pyelonephritis | acute interstitial nephritis

RBC casts are seen in

glumerulonephritis and strenous exercise

waxy casts are seen in

stasis of urine flow | chronic renal failure

boad casts are seen in

extreme stasis | renal failure

bacterial casts are seen in

pyelonephritis

granules are derived from the _____ of RTE cells during normal metab

lysosomes

broad cast aka

renal failure cast

indicates the widening of tubular walls

broad cast

formed by the precipitation of urine salts

crystals

crystals in urine

crystalluria

factors that contribute to crystal formation

pH temp solute conc.

brick dust crystal / yellow brown granules

amorp. urates

most pleomorhic crystal

uric acid

shapes of uric acid

whetstone, lemon shaped, rhombic, wedge

orange sand

Lesch Nyhan

orange sand is associated with what crystal

uric acid

shape of dihydrate caox

envelope/pyramidal

shape of monohydrate caox

dubbell/oval

other name of dihydrate caox

whddelite

other name of monohydrate caox

whewellite

caox can bee acquired from food high in ____

ascorbic acid

crystal that's cigarette butt appearance

calcium phosphate

caox may be seen in

ethylene glycol poisoning

yellow-brown or colorless elongated prism

hippuric acid

white ppt in macroscopic, granular in appearance

amorphous phosphate

usually resides in amorp urates

uroerythrin

macroscopic of amorph urates

pink sediment

an nati-freee agent tht elevates whewellite

ethylene glycol

yellow-brown thorny apple

ammonium biurate

ammonium biurate and triple phosphates appear due to

presence of urea-splitting bacteria

colorless, prism shaped

triple phosphate

appearance of triple phophate when it disappears

feathery

another appearance of triple phosphate acccdg to Harr

fern-leaf

other name of calcium phosphate

apatite

other name of triple phosphate

struvite

colorless, flat, thin prism in rosette forms

calcium phosphate

calcium phosphate rosettes may resemble

sulfonamide crystals

small colorless, dumbbell or spherical shaped, which forms gas after addition of acetic acid (effervescence)

calcium carbonate

other forms of calcium phosphate

hydroxyapatite | brushite

hydroxyapatite aka

basic calcium phosphate

brushite aka

calcium hydrogen phosphate