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BOARD EXAM > CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > Flashcards

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

in AAS, _____ interferes with calcium and _______ is used to inhibit it

A

phosphate

lanthanum

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2
Q

gold standard for calcium and magnesium measurement

A

lanthanum/stronium

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3
Q

turbidimetry

A

light blocked
based on concentration and size
uses spectrophotometry

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4
Q

nephelometry

A

light scattered
based on wavelength and size
nephelometer

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5
Q

why is the nephelometer more sensitive than the spectro

A

measures mg/dL

has photomultiplier tube

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6
Q

electrophoresis

A

migration of charged particles

most important initial diffrential ID of isoenzymes

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7
Q

buffer commonly used in electrophoresis

A

barbital (veronal)

pH 8.6

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8
Q

using barbitalin electrophoresis, the proteins are

A

negatively charged, thus move anodal

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9
Q

in proteins, acidic AA are ______ charged and basic AA are

A

positive

negative

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10
Q

most used supporting media in SPe

A

cellulose acetate

based on molecular size

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11
Q

supporting media that moves acccdg toelec charge

A

agarose gel

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12
Q

supporting media when used on lipoproteins and those with >15 bands

A

PAGE

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13
Q

isoelectric focusing

A

pH gradient
those with same size,but diff. charge
used to detect oligoclonal bandings
uses densitometer

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14
Q

stains used in isoelectric focusing

A

for proteins electrophoresis and enzymes: amido black, ponceau S

for lipoproteins: oil red o, sudan black, fat red 7B

for CSF proteins: coomasie blue

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15
Q

in SPE, this acts as the protein carrier

A

buffer

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16
Q

chromatography

A

separation

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17
Q

TLC

A

for drug testing

based on Rf value

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18
Q

distant of point application to the point of saan sya tumigil

A

retention factor

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19
Q

gold tandard for drug testting

A

GC-MS

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20
Q

gas chromato

A

separation of alcohols

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21
Q

mass spectrophotometry

A

paired with gas chrom

based on fragmentation

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22
Q

___ separates the substances while ____ allows ID of the substances truly present by comparison to a known fragmented pattern

A

GC

MS

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23
Q

fluormetry

A

light emiited with excitation by electromagnetic radiation

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24
Q

light sources of fluorometry

A

xenon

merucry arc

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25
Q

2 monochromators in fluorometry

A

primary - isolates light

secondary - prvents incident light

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26
Q

____ effect due to pH, temp, extreme UV light

A

quenching

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27
Q

diff. bet. max wavelength, excitation and emitted fluorescence

A

stokes effect

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28
Q

chemiluminescence

A

light from chem rxn

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29
Q

potentionmetry

A

measure of diff in voltage & constant current

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30
Q

equation used in potentiometry

A

Nernst

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31
Q

reference electrodes used in potentiometry

A

saturated calomel
silver-silver chloride
glass electrode

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32
Q

ionic selectivity depends in the membrane brane composition

A

ISE

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33
Q

membrane used in ISE to measure Na

A

aluminum silicate

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34
Q

coulometry

A

amount of electricity

uses amperometer

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35
Q

method or principle used for chloride test and testing for cystic fibrosis

A

coulometry

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36
Q

______ is used to induce sweat and collect ______ sweat

A

pilocarpine

75mg

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37
Q

law in coulometry

A

Faraday’s

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38
Q

amperometry

A

measurement of current

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39
Q

polarography is used for

A

pO2, glucose

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40
Q

equation used in polarography

A

Ilkovic’s

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41
Q

used to measure lead in mg/dL

A

anodic stripping voltametry

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42
Q

automated pipet that uses piston

A

air displacement

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43
Q

automated pipet that doesn’t require tip

A

positive displacement

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44
Q

glass pipet for transferring

A

oswald folin

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45
Q

glass pipet for fractional something

A

serological

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46
Q

automation that can perform batch analysis

A

centrifugal analyzer

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47
Q

automation that can perform sequential testing and random access capability

A

discrete analyzer

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48
Q

the advantage of discreet over centrifugal analyer

A

random access capability

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49
Q

no exercise _______ before XT

A

at least 8 hrs

ideally 24hrs

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50
Q

blood collection before rising in the morning

A

basal state

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51
Q

px should be in stable position ______ before XT

52
Q

XT after prolonged standing causes

A

false inc. potassium

53
Q

XT after prolonged bed rest causes

A

false dec, albumin

54
Q

effects of prolonged torniquet appli

A

hemocon

anaerobiosis

55
Q

potassium increase by ____ with fist exercise

56
Q

the protein mainly affected by prolonged torniquet application

57
Q

the one most affected by prolonged torniquet application

58
Q

ammonia increases by ______ per cigar

A

100-200 ug/L

59
Q

smoking prohibited at elast _______ before XT

60
Q

alcohol intake prohibited _______ before xT

61
Q

ano ung ayos ng mga affected ng prolonged torniquet

A

K > albumin > ammonia > cholr > TAG > lactate > Ca > enzymes

62
Q

opiates increase

A

liver and pancreatic enzymes

63
Q

_____ affects oxid-redox rxns

A

ascorbic acid

64
Q

1st step in sx collection

A

patient ID

65
Q

order of priority of XT sites

A

median > cephalic > basilic > wrist > dorsal hand > ankle

66
Q

BP cuff as torniquet inflated @

67
Q

skin cleanser in ethanol teesting

A

benzalkonium chlroide

68
Q

bevel angle in XT

69
Q

order of draw

A

yellow(SPS) > light blue (sodium citrate) > serum tubes > green > lav > gray

70
Q

NaF and iodoacetate in gray tubes act as

A

antiglycolytic

71
Q

filled after LBC because silica activate clotting

A

red and SST

72
Q

TDM samples should not be collected in SST because

A

some gel absorb some drugs

73
Q

common clot activators

A

thrombin
silica
diatonite

74
Q

the gel in gold top is called

A

thixotropic gel

75
Q

explain how thixotropic gel

A

sp.gr. of gel is between that of

serum (1.03) and PRBC (1.05)

76
Q

corrective measures when collecting from IV

A

discard 2-5mL first

77
Q

effect of 10% contam with 5% dextrose

A

glucose increased by >500mg/DL

78
Q

antiacoag recommended for lacte test and ethanol tseting

79
Q

lenght of lancet

80
Q

depth of puncture in infants

81
Q

depth of punture in adults

82
Q

where to puncture in newborns

A

lateral and median heel

83
Q

order of draw using microtubes

A

lav > tube w/ additive > nonadditive tube

84
Q

initial and preffered site for arterialized capillary blood

85
Q

explain arterialization

A

warming the site of puncture to 39-42 oC

86
Q

separation of blood should be done

87
Q

NaF of _____ prevents glycolysis by preventing _____

A

2mgNaF/mL of blood

enolase

88
Q

the enzyme most affected by hemolysis

89
Q

when is there visual hemolysis

A

starting at 20mg/dL of hgb

90
Q

when does lipemia occur

A

> 400 mg/dL

91
Q

effects of increased centrifugation

A

inc. LD and K

92
Q

anticoag action of oxalate

A

forms insoluble salt

93
Q

anticoag action of fluorides

A

dissocation

94
Q

best choice of anticoag for K measurement

95
Q

anticoag not recommended for DNA testing

96
Q

respinning of SSTs causes

A

false elev K

97
Q

main promoter of gluconeogenesis na hormone

98
Q

hyperglycemic hormones

A 
glucagon
cortisols and corticosteroids
catechols
GH
T3T4
ACT
somatostatin
99
Q

screening test for DM

100
Q

FBS value for DM

A

> 126mg/dL

101
Q

in type1 DM, the ____ are destroyed

A

beta cells in pancreas

102
Q

markers for multiple Abs for DM

103
Q

recommedations for DM

A

> 45y/o checked every 3yrs

104
Q

the early indicator of glomerular dysfunction assoc. w/ type 1 DM

A

microalbuminuria

105
Q

clinical albuminuria when

A

> 300 mg/dL

106
Q

method for microalbuminuria test

A

random spot albumin-crea ratio

107
Q

confirmatory test for DM

108
Q

when are preggies tested for GDM

A

24-28wks gestation

109
Q

criteria for GDM

A

FBS >92
GCT >180
2hrOGTT > 153

110
Q

fetal risk from GDM

111
Q

antiepileptic drug that may cause DM

112
Q

glucose in WB is ______ than serum/plasma

113
Q

decrease of gluc at RT

114
Q

decrease of gluc at 4oC

115
Q

_______ is 60% of plasma glucose

A

CSF glucose

116
Q

leukocytosis may lead to

A

excessive glycolyis

117
Q

most common method for glucose

A

Nelson Somogyi

118
Q

GOD measures ____ and uses _____

A

B-D-glucose

mutarotase

119
Q

converts .glucose to B-D-glucose

A

mutarotase

120
Q

the reference and most specific test for glucose

A

hexokinase

121
Q

most specific rgt for glucose

122
Q

false decrease in GOD and hexokinase are caused by ____ and ____ respectively

A

ascorbic acid

hgb

123
Q

best indicator of glucose homeostasis

124
Q

test that evaluates only hypo and hyperglycemia

125
Q

confirmatroy test for impaired fasting glucose

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