Clinical Microscopy

Question 1

Cockcroft & Gaukt Formula (Estimate)

Answer 1

Ccr= ((140-age)(weight in kg))/(72xserum creatinine)

• Answer × 0.85 if femal

Question 2

Variables of Cocroft and Gault formula

Answer 2

Serum creatinine, age, sex, weight

Question 3

MDRD Formula variables

Answer 3

Ethnicity, BUN, & Serum Albumin

Question 4

Glucose

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 4

Reading time: 30 secs
Principle: Double sequential enzyme reaction
Positive color reaction: MS - Blue green to brown
CS - Yelloe to green

Question 5

Bilirubin

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 5

Reading time: 30 secs
Principle: Diazo reaction
Positive color reaction: Tan or Pink to Violet

Question 6

Ketones

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 6

Reading time: 40 secs
Principle: Sodium Nitroprusside reaction (Legal’s test)
Positive color reaction: Purple

Question 7

Specific gravity

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 7

Reading time: 45 secs
Principle: pKa change of a polyelectrolyte
Positive color reaction: Blue (1.000) to yellow (1.030)

Question 8

Proteins

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 8

Reading time: 60 secs
Principle: Protein (Sorensen’s) Error of Indicators
Positive color reaction: Blue green

Negative: Yellow

Question 9

pH
Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 9

Reading time: 60 secs
Principle: Double Indicator system
Positive color reaction: orange (5) to blue (9)

Question 10

Blood

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 10

Reading time: 60 secs
Principle: PSeudoperoxidase of hemoglobin
Positive color reaction: (+) uniform green to blue (hgb to myo)

(+) speckled/spotted (Intact Rbcs)

Question 11

Urobilinogen

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 11

Reading time: 60 secs
Principle: Ehrlich rection
Positive color reaction: Red

Question 12

Nitrite

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 12

Reading time: 60 secs
Principle: Greiss reaction
Positive color reaction: Uniform Pink

Question 13

Leukocytes

Reading time:
Principle:
Positive color reaction:

Answer 13

Reading time: 120 secs
Principle: Leukocyte esterase
Positive color reaction: Purple

Question 14

Round cell count or Spermatid count formula

Answer 14

= (N x S)/ 100

Question 15

Sperm concentration/mL formula

Answer 15

= (# of sperms x df)/(total area x depth factor)

Question 16

Sperm count per ejaculate formula

Answer 16

= sperm concentration x sperm volume