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Microbiology I > Clinical Microbiology — SCT II [Vol. 4] > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology — SCT II [Vol. 4] Flashcards

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1
Q

Mention at least 2 drugs that can be used to treat diseases caused by Clostridioides difficile

A
  1. Vancomycin
  2. Metronidazole
  3. Fidaxomicin
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2
Q

What diseases may be associated with Helicobacter pylori? Specify at least 3

A
  1. Gastritis
  2. Peptic and duodenal ulcers
  3. Gastric carcinoma
  4. MALT lymphoma
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3
Q

What is the most important virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

Diphtheria toxin

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the diphtheria toxin?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis. Inhibits peptide elongation in eukaryotic ribosomes by ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 (elongation factor-2)

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5
Q

How long does immunity against diptheria last? Which immune effector mechanism is involved?

A

Long lasting immunity; antitoxic antibodies

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6
Q

Which assays must be performed in the laboratory diagnosis of diptheria?

A

Smears of the throat swab should be stained with methylene blue or Neisser stain.”

Bacteria are cultured on Löffler’s or tellurite (Clauberg) medium; toxin productionmust be demonstrated by agar precipitation (ELEK-test)

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7
Q

What feature of Myobacteria make them acid fast?

A

The cell envelope contains a high amount (60-70%) of complex lipids: mycolic acid, cord factor

Once the cells are stained (by carbol-fuchsin) they resist decolorisation by acid-ethanol

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8
Q

Mention 2 atypical Myobacterium species

A
  1. M. kansaii
  2. M. marinum
  3. M. avium-intracellular complex
  4. M. fortuitum-chelonae complex
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9
Q

How can one demonstrate the presence of Myobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples?

A
  1. Acid-fast staining (Ziehl-Neelsan)
  2. Culture on selective media (Löwenstein-Jensen agar, liquid BACTEC medium)
  3. PCR amplification of bacterial DNA
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10
Q

Why is multi-drug therapy used for tuberculosis?

A

To prevent the overgrowth of drug-resistant mutants during the long treatment period (if bacteria resistant to one drug emerge, they are most probably inhibited by the other drugs)

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11
Q

What is the main immune defense mechanism against Myobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Activated macrophages

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12
Q

Mention 3 antituberculotic drugs that are of first choice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A
  1. Isoniazid (INH)
  2. Pyrazinamid
  3. Rifampin
  4. Ethambutol
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13
Q

What disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare? What patients are characteristically susceptible to infection?

A

It causes tuberculoss, especially in immunosuppressed patients (e.g. AIDS)

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14
Q

What is the reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Human

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15
Q

What is the reservoir of atypical Mycobacteria?

A

Environment (soil, water)

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16
Q

What are the 2 main forms of leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid (paucibacillary) or lepromatous (multibacillary) form

17
Q

Mention 3 Gram-negative bacteria belonging to different genera causing zoonosis

A
  1. Brucella
  2. Francisella tularensis
  3. Yersinia pestis
  4. Pasteurella
18
Q

Mention 2 Gram-positive bacteria belonging to different genera causing zoonosis

A
  1. Listeria monocytogenes
  2. Baillus anthracis
  3. Erysopelothrix rhusiopathiae
19
Q

Mention 3 bacterial species belonging to different genera that are frequent causes of urinary tract infections

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Klebsiella
  3. Proteus
  4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  5. Enterococcus faecalis
20
Q

Mention one aerobic and one anaerobic bacterium of the normal flora of the skin

A

Aerobic: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Anaerobic: Cutibacterium(Propionibacterium) acnes

21
Q

Give two genera of each category of bacteria

A

Gram positive aerobic: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium

Gram negative anaerobic: Clostridium, Actinomyces, Propionibacterium

22
Q

Give two genera for each category of bacteria

A

Gram negative aerobic: *Virbrio, Neisseria, Haemophilus

Gram negative anaerobic: *Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Veillonella

23
Q

Give 2 genera for each category of bacteria

A

Gram positive coccus: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

Gram negative coccus: Neisseria, Veillonella

Gram positive rod: Clostridium, Bacillus

24
Q

Give 2 genera of each category of bacteria

A

Gram negative rod: E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella

Spirochetes: Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira

25
Q

Describe the color and the shape of Clostridia in a Gram stained smear of gas gangrene exudate

A

Gram positive (dark blue) rod

(It usually does not form spores in vivo)

26
Q

Mention 2 antibiotics which can be used in the empirical treatment against Gram negative obligate anaerobic bacteria

A
  1. Metronidazol
  2. Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid
  3. Imipenem
27
Q

Which 3 bacterial species are the most important causative agents of neonatal (<1 month of age) meningitis?

A
  1. Streptococcus agalactiae
  2. E. coli
  3. Listeria monocytogenes
28
Q

Which 3 bacterial species are the most important causative agents of meningitis among babies (>1 month of age) and children?

A
  1. Neisseria meningitidis
  2. Haemophilus influenzae
  3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
29
Q

What is the empirical antibiotic therapy of bacterial meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone / Cefotaxime

30
Q

What is the causative agent of febris undulans (undulant fever)?

A

Brucellae

Microbiology I (8 decks)

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