Clinical Laboratory pt 1 Flashcards
1
Q
place where specimens such as blood
and other body fluids tissues, feces, hairs,
nail collected from an individual are processed, analyzed, preserved, and properly disposed
A
Clinical Laboratory
2
Q
place where biological specimens in particular
such as blood and other body fluids is being
analyzed and processed
A
Clinical Laboratory
3
Q
who process, analyze, preserve,
and properly dispose of such particular sample that
is subjected for the testing.
A
clinical
laboratory scientist or medical laboratory
scientis
4
Q
an essential
component of health instutitions. Its main task is
to provide accurate and reliable information to
med doctors for the diagnosis, prognosis,
treatment and management of diseases.
A
Clinical laboratory
5
Q
Clinical laboratory is the place where specimens such as blood
and other body fluids tissues, feces, hairs,
nail collected from an individual are:
A
○ Processed
○ Analyzed
○ Preserved
○ Properly disposed
6
Q
A clinical laboratory can be classified
according to:
A
○ Function
○ Institutional Characteristics
○ Ownership
○ Service Capability
7
Q
Classification according to function
A
Clinical pathology
Anatomic pathology
8
Q
law that mandates the
licensing and operating of a certain
laboratory
A
Republic Act No. 4688
9
Q
In these areas, all laboratory
tests that are performed,
whether it is chemical
analysis, microbiological
analysis or serological
analysis or even
hematological analysis that is
under this classification
A
Clinical pathology
10
Q
Concerned with the
diagnosis of diseases
through microscopic
examination of tissues and
organs.
A
Anatomic pathology
11
Q
Focuses more on the
analysis or testing of a
certain substance or
microscopic structure of
certain tissues
A
Anatomic pathology
12
Q
These area concerned with
diagnosis of diseases
through examination of
microscopic structures such
as cells and other that can be
found in the tissues that can
be visualize
A
Anatomic pathology
13
Q
because of this law, clinical
laboratories can be classified according to functions
and in that section
A
Administrative Order No. 37 s2021
14
Q
pertains to the analysis of genes
and other proteins that will aid in the
diagnosis of a certain disease
A
Molecular pathology
15
Q
Detecting the presence of certain
genes like DNA or Rna and other
proteins that made up the certain cell
or tissue in the human body
A
Molecular pathology
16
Q
Classification under institutional characteristics
A
Institution-based
Free-standing
17
Q
Operates within the premises or part
of an institution such as hospital,
school, medical clinic, medical
facility for overseas workers and
seafarers, birthing home,
psychiatric facility, drug
rehabilitation center and other.
A
Institution-based
18
Q
Most common edxample of institution-based laboratories
A
Hospital-based
19
Q
Not part of an established institution.
A
Free Standing
20
Q
Common example of free-standing
A
free-standing out-patient clinical
laboratory.
21
Q
services that can be provided
are only limited to the laboratory
services,
A
Free-standing
22
Q
Classification according to ownership
A
Government-owned
Private-owned
23
Q
Two types of government-owned laboratories
A
DOH-run
Local government-run
24
Q
● Also called as public
● Owned, wholly or partially, by
national or local government units
A
Government-owned
25
Type of government-owned; San Lazaro Hospital, Jose R.Reyes Memorial Medical Cwenter, UPGH
DOH-run
26
Type of government-owned; Ospital ng Myanila Medical Center
Local government-run
27
Clinical lab according to service capability
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
27
Basic routine laboratory testing; space req is at least 10 sq m
Primary
28
Equipments are, but not limited to, microscopes. centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge
Primary
29
License to perform laboratory
tests being done by the primary
category laboratories along with
○ Routine chemistry tests like
blood glucose concentration
○ Blood urea nitrogen, blood
uric acid, blood creatinine,
cholesterol determination,
qualitative platelet count,
○ If hospital based, Gram stain,
KOH (potassium hydroxide)
mount, and crossmatching
Secondary
30
Space requirement for secondary
20 sq cm
31
Minimum req equipment includes
○ Microscope
○ Centrifuge
○ Hematocrit centrifuge
○ Semi-automated chemistry
analyzers
○ Autoclave
○ Incubator
○ Oven
Secondary category
32
Licensed to perform all the
laboratory tests performed in the
secondary category laboratory plus other
Tertiary
33
▪ Ns1-Ag for dengue
▪ Rapid plasma reagin
▪ Treponema pallidum
particle agglutination
tests
Immunology and Serology
34
▪ Differential staining
techniques
▪ Culture and ID
▪ Antimicrobial
susceptibility testing
Microbiology, bacteriology
and mycolog
35
▪ Clinical enzymology
▪ Therapeutic drug
monitoring
▪ Markers for certain
disease
Special Chemistry
36
▪ Bone marrow studies
▪ Special staining for
abnormal cells, red
cell morphology
○ Immunohematology an
Special Hematology
37
▪ Blood donation
program
3
▪ Antibody screening
and ID
▪ Preparation of blood
components
Most critical in the clinical laboratory
Immunohematology / blood banking
38
▪ Those seen in
secondary category
laboratories along
with :
▪ Automated chemistry
analyzer
▪ Biosafety cabinet
class II
▪ Serofuge
Equipment
39
Minimum space floor req for tertiary
60 sq cm
40
Laboratory in a government hospital
designated by the DOH to provide special
diagnostic functions and services for certain
diseases.
National Reference Laboratory
41
Includes
○ Referral services
○ Provision of confirmatory testing
○ Assistance for research activities
○ Implementation of External Quality
Assurance Programs (EQAP) of the
government
NRL
42
○ Resolution of conflicts regarding test
results of different laboratories
○ Training of medical technologists on
certain specialized procedures that
require standardization
○ Examples are Lung Center of the
Philippines, National Kidnet Transplant Institute, etc
National Reference Laboratoties
43
An act regulating the operationa nd mantenance of clinical laboratories and requiring the registration of the same with the department of health, providing penalty for the violation thereof, and for other purposes
Republic Act No. 4688
44
Approval date of RA 4688
June 18, 1996
45
Where do clinical laboratories register and secure a license
Secretary of Health
46
How can a person be professionally incharge of the laboratory
He must be a LICENSED PHYSICIAN qualified in the laboratory medicine and authorized by the Secretary of Health
47
charged with the responsibility of strictly enforcing the provisions of RA 4688
Secretary of Health
48
Violation of RA 4688 may issue imprisonment of ____ and fine of _____
not less than one month bur not more than one year, not less than one thousand pesos nor more than five pesos (or both at the discretion of the court)
49
First amendment that was made for RA
4688
Administrative Order No. 59 s. 2001
50
Rules and Regulation Governing the
Establishment, Operation, and Maintenance
of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines
Administrative Order No. 59 s. 2001
51
Department of Health (DOH) through
the __________ in the Health
Regulation Cluster, shall exercise
the regulatory functions under these
rules and regulations under AO 59 s 2001
Bureau of Health Facilities and
Services (BHFS)
52
Regulations of AO 59 s 2001 shall apply to ________
all entities performing the activities (aside govt labs provided that they are an extension)
53
An approved permit to construct
and design layout of a clinical
laboratory shall be secured from the
________
BHFS
54
A clinical laboratory shall operate
with a valid license issued by
BHFS/CHD
55
Application for Permit to Construct requirements include:
○ Letter of Application to the
Director of BHFS
○ Four (4) sets of Site
Development Plans and
Floor Plans approved by an
architect and/or engineer
○ DTI/SEC Registration (for
private clinical laboratory)
56
“Petition to Establish,
Operate and Maintain a
Clinical Laboratory” notarized
application form."
Application of New License
57
Application for renewal of
license shall be filed WITHIN
90 days
58
Sched for application of renewal of license for NCR
Jan - March
59
Sched for application of renewal of license for region 1, 2, 3
Feb - April
60
Sched for application of renewal of license for 7, 8, 9
April - June
61
Sched for application of renewal of license for regions 4, 5, 6
March to May
62
Sched for application of renewal of license for 10, 11, 12, CARAGA and ARMM
May to July
63
Clinical laboratories sgall be inspected every _____
2 years or as necessary
64
Who are allowed to monitor the clinical lab
Director of the BHFS/CHD or
his duly authorized
representative
65
Issuance of license by the
Director of CHD (actually ang gulo pero technically, CHD and BHFS are under Secretary/Department of Health)
66
License to operate shall be revoked by
SOH
67
T or F; License is non-transferable
T
68
T or F; License is not granted upon
compliance with licensing
requirements
F; License IS granted
69
he owner or authorized
representative of any clinical
desiring to transfer a licensed
clinical laboratory to another
location shall inform the CHD
in WRITING AT LEAST _____ days
15
70
T or F; An extension laboratory shall
have a separate license
T
71
T or F; Operation of a clinical lab
WITHOUT a certified
pathologist or without a RMT is a violation
T
72
Who shall be informed regarding the change in ownership
BHFS
and/or the CHD
73
malpractices
Gross negligence
74
T or F; All clinical laboratory operating
without a valid license or whose
license has been revoked/cancelled
shall be summarily OPEN
F; it should be CLOSED
75
If the pathologists is not available in some
areas, a physician can take over and be the head
of ________ category(ies) ONLY
primary and secondary
76
At least ___ RMT per shift to cover
laboratory operation in hospital based
one (1)
77
Documented, continuous
competency assessment
program for all laboratory
personnel
Internal Quality Control Program
78
Laboratory methods,
reagents and supplies and
equipment
Internal Quality Control Program
79
Proper maintenance and
monitoring of all equipment; The program shall provide
for the use of quality control
reference materials
Internal Quality Control Program
80
outside premise or outside agency to
facilitate the quality assurance
External Quality Assurance Program
81
T or F; Refusal to participate in an
External Quality Assurance
Program given by the designated NRL is not enough bases for
suspension/revocation of
license of the laboratory.
F; it is one of the bases for revocation
82
consultation
between the attending physician and
pathologist of the laboratory
Laboratory Request or Requisition
Form/Slip
83
T or F; No person in the clinical laboratory
shall issue a report, orally or in
writing, whole or portions, thereof
without a directive from the
pathologist
T
84
All laboratory records shall be kept
on file for at least ____ year.
one (1)
85
This section is intended for the testing of blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble CHEMICALS including waste products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases.
Clinical chemistry
86
Two most common body fluids subjected for analysis in clinical chemistry
Blood and urine
87
This section is considered one of the busiest
Clinical chemistry
88
If you want to determine the concentration of certain chemicals in the body or blood such as glucose, then it is processed here
Clinical chem
89
Includes microorganisms such as bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses.
Microbiology
90
T or F; We process viral samples in hospital laboratory (Microbiology section)
F; there is a designated laboratory for that for example: Molecular Laboratory used to process COVID-19 Samples
91
Microbio subdivisions
Bacteriology
Mycobacteriology
Mycology
Virolog
92
This section is focused on the identification of such bacteria and fungi on specimens received in the laboratory.
Microbio
93
Test include the microscopic visualization of microorganisms after staining, isolation, and identification of basterua and fungi using varied cultured media
Microbio
94
Section where AST is performed
Microbio
95
type of examination that determines when a patient is suffering from certain infection such as bacterial, viral, parasitic infection or malignancy.
morphological examination
96
This section deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids (e.g./ CSF, pleural fluid, etc.)
Hematology and Coagulation Studies
97
focus on blood testing for the determination of various coagulation factors. (or coagulation disorders)
Coagulation studies
98
Bone marrow examination using automated analyzers is conducted in this section
Hematology and Coagulation Studies
99
Common sample received in this section is blood
Hematology and Coagulation Studies
100
Two major areas in clinical microscopy
Special examinations of urine
Examination of stool
101
Examination of stool is also called what
Routine fecalysis
102
checking for color transparency of urine
physical examination
103
Blood typing and compatibility testing are the two main activities performed in this section
Blood Bank/Immunohematology
104
Detection of parasitic worms are primary activities in this area
Clinical microscopy
105
Screening for all ANTIBODIES and identification of antibody as well as blood components used for transfusion are also conducted here
Blood Bank/Immunohematology
106
Includes processing of blood such as blood typing, compatibility testing, cross typing, blood donation
Blood Bank/Immunohematology
107
Considered to be most critical section
Blood Bank/Immunohematology
108
Analyses of SERUM ANTIBODIES in certain infectious agents (primarily viral agents) are performed in this section.
Immunology/Serology
109
Hepatitis B profile test, serological test for syphilis, and tests for hepatitis C and dengue fever are some examples of antibody screening tests conducted here
Immunology/Serology
110
Involved examination or detection of antigen antibodies that is usually formed by infectious agents.
Immunology/Serology
111
Involved examination or detection of antigen antibodies that is usually formed by infectious agents.
Immunology/Serology
112
used to test for typhoid fever.
Widal test
113
test for inflammation, if positive or negative.
Example is COVID-19
CRP Test (C-Reactive Protein)
114
In the rapid test kit, the C means ____, and T means ___
Control, Test
115
Using different enzymes and other reagents, DNA and RNA are identified and sequence to detect any pathologic conditions/disease processes.
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
116
Most commonly technique
Polymerase Chain Reaction
117
In the _____ memorandum that CHED released, Molecular Biology and Diagnostics is added in the curriculum.
2017
118
Specialized Section of the laboratory that combines anatomical, clinical, and biochemical techniques where antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal) bounded to enzymes and fluorescent dyes are used to detect presence of antigens in tissue.
Immunohistochemistry
119
In here, you test for the presence of antibodies and antigen that is present in the tissue (Immuno) with the use of a certain chemicals (Chemistry)
Immunochemistry
120
We determine the reaction of the antibody or the antigen bounded to the enzyme or certain fluorescent dye that is used to detect the presence of antigen in tissue.
Immunochemistry
121
One of the special areas in anatomical pathology laboratory.
Immunochemistry
122
Using a certain tool in order to determine the presence of particular genetic materials such as DNA or RNA, ideally, to identify and detect any pathological conditions or disease processes.
Molecular Biology
123
Most critical phase in the laboratory cycle; most errors are encountered in this phase.
Pre-examination phase/Pre-analytical phase
124
Includes receipt of the laboratory req, patient preparation, specimen collection, and proper transport and processing
Pre-analytical
125
Phase includes actual testing of the submitted or collected specimen
Analytic phase/Examination phase
126
Involves the testing process; you test the sample with appropriate methods and employ it in lab samples in order to generate lab reports.
Examination phase
127
you verify patient results; results should be reliable and accurate.
Quality Control Testing
128
transmission of test results to the medical doctor for interpretation, TAT, and application of doctor's recommendation
Post-examination phase / Post-analytical phase
129
Encompasses all activities performed by laboratory personnel to ensure reliability of test results.
Quality Assurance
130
It is organized, systematic, well planned, and regularly done with the results properly documented and consistently reviewed
Quality Assurance
131
part quality assurance
QC (quezon city eme quality control)
132
Includes day to day activities that are undertaken in order to control factor or variables that may affect test results.
IQAS
133
Regular review and audit are done here
IQAS
134
DOH-designated EQAS
NRL
135
National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI) is a a NRL-EQAS for
Hema and Coagulation
136
Research Institute of Tropical MEdicine (RITM) is a a NRL-EQAS for
Microbio and Parasitology
137
Lung Center of the Philippines (LCP) is a NRL-EQAS for
Clinical chem
138
East Avenue MEdical Center (EAMC) is a NRL-EQAS for
Drugs of abuse
139
San Lazaro Hospital STD-AIDS Cooperative Center Laboratory (SACCL) is a NRL-EQAS for
Infectious immunology, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus
