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Semester 2 PM Exam 1 > Clinical Lab Tests > Flashcards

Clinical Lab Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology Tests

A

study of cells or fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and released into the blood

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2
Q

Chemistry/Biochemistry Tests

A

Measures substances within the body fluid

Metabolic functions

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3
Q

Microbiology tests

A

identification and isolation of pathologies

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4
Q

Cytology

A

analysis of cells and cell smears

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5
Q

Histology

A

tissue analysis

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6
Q

Urinalysis

A

urine analysis

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7
Q

Immunology

A

antigen-antibody interaction

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8
Q

Lab Standards

A
  1. values represent a physiologic function
  2. Reference range
  3. outcomes are influenced by methods and equipment
  4. no distinct cut off
  5. controls are needed
  6. Reference ranges tend to be specific to the lab performing them
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9
Q

Issues that affect lab values

A
  1. drugs
  2. body weight
  3. gender, race, ethnicity
  4. Altitude
  5. nutritional level and hydration
  6. time of day
  7. how specimen is handled
  8. activity
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10
Q

Exercise effects

A
  1. inc fibrolytic activity
  2. inc triglycerides
  3. inc protein urea
  4. inc CPK
  5. Inc WBC
  6. Dec PTT
  7. Inc glucose levels
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11
Q

Basal Metabolic Panel

A 
Group of 8 tests
1. Na
2. K
3. Cl
4. Ca
5. Blood urea nitrogen
6. Glucose
7. CO2
8. Creatinine 
Often screening tool
Venipuncture
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12
Q

Serum Calcium - Decreased

A

Hypocalcemia

  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Malabsorption syndrome
  • Renal failure
  • s/s periheral numbness, mm twitching, cramps, arrhythmias
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13
Q

Serum Calcium - Increased

A

higher in children than adults
Hypercalcemia
- Immobilization, multiple fractures/trauma
- Hyperparathyroidism, Paget’s disease, multiple myeloma
- Excessive Vit D intake
- Metastatic neoplasia
- s/s deep bone pain, flank pain, mm hypotonicity

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14
Q

Serum Potassium - Decreased

A

Hypokalemia

  • diuretic use, diarrhea, chronic polynephritis
  • s/s decrease mm stregnth, disorientation, clammy skin, resp failure, tetany, ECG changes
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15
Q

Serum Potassium - Increased

A 
Hyperkalemia
- Renal insufficiency
- Excessive Vit D
- Multiple fractures/trauma
- s/s flaccid paralysis, ECG changes
>6.6 treatment is contraindicated
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16
Q

Glucose

A

Ideal range for FBG is 80-120

REVIEW FROM TEXT

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17
Q

Blood urea nitrogen

A

End product of protein metabolism

Liver and Kidney function

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18
Q

Increase BUN

A

Renal failure
Dehydration
Burns
GI bleed

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19
Q

Decrease BUN

A

Hepatic dysfunction

Malnutrition

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20
Q

Creatinine

A

Determine kidney filtration rates

Regulated and excreted by kidney

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21
Q

Inc Creatinine

A

Kidney disorders

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22
Q

Dec Creatinine

A

very uncommon and not usually significant

23
Q

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

A

BMP plus markers for liver function

Includes serum proteins and serum enzymes that may also demonstrate other tissues (muscle) damage

24
Q

Complete Blood Count

A

Components include RBC, WBC, HgB, HCT, Platelets, differential, various indicies
TABLE FOR GUIDELINES

25
Q

WBC count

A

Measurement of WBCs within whole blood
Range = 4000-10000/microliter
Can vary as much as 2000 on any given day

26
Q

WBC Differential

A

Distribution and morphology of WBCs within the blood
Usually done as a percentage
Provides more specific info about possible pathology

27
Q

Neutrophils (PMN)

A 
First line of defense
50% of WBC in circulation
Phagocytic
Inc with bacterial and parasitic infections
Might be dec with viral infection
Dec in immunocompromised states
Dec with some vitamin deficiencies
28
Q

Neutrophils cont. - standards

A

500 or less requires isolation

Band cell = immature neutrophils (3-5%)

29
Q

Shift left with neutrophil

A

Inc number of band cells (immature)

30
Q

Shift right with neutrophils

A

Inc number of mature neutrophils

31
Q

Eosinophils

A

1-4%
Allergic conditions
Late stages of inflammation
Parasitic infections

32
Q

Inc and Dec Eosinophils

A

Inc with some collagen disorders (some types of RA)

Dec with physiologic stress rxns (trauma, burn, shock ,surgery)

33
Q

Basophils

A
34
Q

Monocytes/Macrphages

A 
9%
2nd line of defense
Released as monocytes and mature into macrophages
36 hour process
Phagocytic
35
Q

Lymphocytes

A 
36%
Humoral and cell mediated immunity
Produce antibodies and react with antigens
Many diff types
Very active in viral infections
36
Q

RBC

A

120 day life

Normal values vary depending on age, gender, sample size, geographic location

37
Q

RBC Male

A

4.2-5.4 million/microliter

38
Q

RBC Female

A

3.6-5 million/microliter

39
Q

RBC implications

A

Further testing if abnormal
Inc = polycythemia
Dec = anemia, fluid overload, bone marrow suppression, hemorrhage

40
Q

Hematocrit/Hemoglobin

A

Usually done together

If dec could be hemorrhage. iron deficiency or sample size effect

41
Q

Hematocrit

A

% volume of packed RBCs

Values vary based on gender and age

42
Q

Total Hemoglobin

A

[ ] of Hgb found in sample of whole blood
A measure of the O2 carrying capacity of the RBC
Various forms of Hgb

43
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

A

Screening test only
Has been used to monitor course of a pathology
Nonspecific indicator for variety of things
Infectious diseases, systemic inflammation, rheumatologic disorders

44
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Might be becoming more specific indicator of systemic inflammatory conditions
Produced in liver as part of the inflammatory response
Indicator of a systemic inflammation
Currently used primarily as indicator of vascular and cardiac pathology

45
Q

Platelets

A

AKA Megakaryocytes
Primary func is coagulation and capillary integrity
Play important role in inflammation process and tissue healing (PGF)
8-10 day lifespan

46
Q

Platelet Count - patient populations

A 
bone marrow transplantation
chemotherapy
bleeding disorders
surgical patients
oral contraceptive use - inc
arthroscelerosis - inc
47
Q

Levels - platelet count

A

150,000 - 450,000 = normal
Below 50,000 spontanrous bleed
Damage (bleed) from activity does not present for hours

48
Q

Prothrombin Time (PT)

A 
Norm 10-14 seconds
Measures the time it takes for blood to clot
Measuring extrinsic clotting factors
Coumadin acts on this pathway
Older test
49
Q

Activated partial thromblastin time (PTT)

A 
Screens intrinsic clotting factors
Heparin monitor
Normal 25-36 seconds
Greater than 70 seconds is sig problem
Older test
50
Q

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

A

Taken the place PT and PTT in most cases
Adjusted PT based on the the PT patient test and what is normal
Normal INR = 0.9-1.1

51
Q

DVT anticoagulation INR

A

2-3

If you have someone being tx for DVT and they are low in range, they are at risk for a pulmonary embolism

52
Q

Heart valve replacement INR

A

2.5-3.5

53
Q

INR >4

A

may have issue with exercise - problems with bleeding too

Semester 2 PM Exam 1 (7 decks)

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