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Anaesthesia > Clinical: Farm Animal Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Clinical: Farm Animal Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the anaesthetics & sedatives are

A

off-label in food-producing animals
Check local legislation!

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2
Q

Considerations for anaesthesia in ruminants?

A
  • physiology & anatomy: regurgitation, rumen tympany, salivation, size, pregnancy
  • Importance of local: sedation & lcoal anaesthesia techniques –> IMPORTANT
  • food producing: drug limitation, guess body weight
  • handling/restraint: difficult to assess patient pre-anaesthesia
  • weight accuracy: guess?
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3
Q

Regurgitation/aspiration occurs ruminants when…

A
  • actively in light anaesthesia/intubation
  • passively in deep anaesthesia
  • rumen cannot be emptied of material: improtance of fasting, do NOT do in neonates
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4
Q

how do you prevent aspiration/regurgitation in ruminants?

A
  • intubate ASAP after induction
  • use cuffed tubes
  • minimize head/neck mvmts
  • consider gastric tube
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5
Q

How do you prevent ruminal tympany?

A
  • appropriate fasting
  • avoid highly fermentable food prior to GA to decrease ruminal gases
  • stomach tube
  • No N2O
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6
Q

How do you treat ruminal tympany?

A

trochar & cannula if too much tympany

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7
Q

What recovery position do ruminants need to be in for recovery of ruminal tympany?

A
  • sternal for eructation
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8
Q

How much salivation is produced per day in a ruminant?

A
  • 50-150L/day
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9
Q

What should you consider in regards to anaesthesia and ruminant salivation?

A
  • can lead to obstruction of respiratory tract
  • is a hazard in anaesthesia
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10
Q

What is the treatment of salivation during anaesthesia?

A
  • infuse LRS & bicarb to minimise acid-base disturbances
  • collect salive & readmin via stomch tube
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11
Q

Prevention of salivation issues in ruminants

A
  • elevate poll above the muzzle
  • anticholinergics are NOT RECOMMENDED –> makes secretions thicker
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12
Q

Ruminants have a tendency to hypoventilate in anaesthesia because…

A

they have a smaller tidal volume due to large rumen/viscera on diaphragm, tympany, or dorsal recumbency

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13
Q

How do you treat hypoventilation in ruminants? Prevention?

A
  • Txt: IPPV prone to alveolar rupture if PIP > 25 cm H2O
  • Prevention: fasting, monitor EtCO2 & ventilate
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14
Q

Hypotension is caused by…

A

tympany or IPPV

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15
Q

How do you prevent hypotension in farm animals?

A
  • fasting
  • monitor EtCO2 & ventilate as needed
  • can give Noradrenaline as CRI
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16
Q

Neuropathy/myopathy is common due to…

A

positioning, lack of padding

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17
Q

Difficult intubation in goats and sheep is due to

A

small opening of the mouth making difficult visualisation of the larynx and they have smaller trachea than other animals

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18
Q

When intubating cattle, your hand acts as

A

the laryngoscope

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19
Q

Recovery should be done in … to avoid…

A

sternal
avoid ruminal tympany due to eructation

20
Q

Premedications in farm animals

A
  • Xylazine - use smaller doses (goats > sheep > cattle), caution in pregnant, pulm oedema risk in sheep/goat
  • Detomidine
  • Butorphanol
21
Q

Induction agents in farm animals

A

Ketamine
Thiopental
Unlicensed: Propofol, Alfaxalone
Research animals have different reqmts

22
Q

Inhalant anaesthesia in ruminants

A

Isoflurane
Reqs 28d withdrawal

23
Q

Triple drip

A

GGE not licensed, cannot be used

24
Q

Depth monitoring in ruminants

A
  • Palpebral reflex lost at light planes
  • ventral eye rotation (great cattle, less in goats/sheep)
  • nystagmus unrelated to depth (except eq)
  • involuntary swallow reflex w/o other signs of light anaesthesia –> may be getting light
25
Q

Standard protocols in ruminants

A
  • Premed: alpha-2 agonist & opioid
  • Induction: ketamine & thiopental
  • Maintenance: isoflurane (Cascade)
  • Analgesia: Ketamine CRI, local/regional, NSAIDs
26
Q

Because llamas & alpacas are not considered food animals in IE, this means…

A

there are fewer drug limits compared to other ruminants

27
Q

Llamas & alpacas adult sizes

A

llamas: up to 200 kg
alpacas: 60 kg

28
Q

llamas & alpacas are adapted to…

A

high altitude adaptions w/ low oxygen levels

29
Q

Llamas & alpaca catheter placement

A
  • jugular (has valves, next to vagosympathetic trunk & carotid a.)
  • auricular v. is alternative, but only for maintenance fluids, not boluses
30
Q

Preparing llama/alpaca for Sx

A
  • starve for 24 hrs
  • water deprivation 8-12 hrs
31
Q

Complications w/ Sx for llamas/alpacas

A
  • difficult intubation
  • tympany
  • regurgitaiton, aspiration
  • obligatory nasal breathers
  • extubate only when actively coughing/swallowing
32
Q

Endotracheal intubation in llamas/alpacas

A
  • direct visualisation of larynx tricky
  • desensitise larynx before intubation
  • elongated soft palate can obstruct view
  • long laryngoscope blade req’d
  • narrow opening of the mouth
  • small ETT sizes req’d (8-10 mm)
  • nasal intubation possible
  • head perpendicular, stylet first, then guide ETT
  • worse to intubate than goats/sheep
32
Q

Extubation alpacas/llamas

A
  • wait until can withdraw tongue
  • monitor for nasal congestion/obstruction
  • monitor for displaced soft palate (snoring)
33
Q

Recovery in llamas/alpacas

A
  • sternal position
  • heads up, supported
  • oxygen as needed
  • late extubation
  • will stand when they want
34
Q

Pigs are all considered…

A

food producing

35
Q

Pigs are difficult to…

A

restrain

36
Q

IM injections in swine

A
  • avoid gluteal & quadriceps muscles in meat production animals
  • difficultt o place IV w/o sedation 1st
37
Q

IV injections in swine

A
  • Auricular first, then Cephalic if needed
  • use heat lamp to find vein
38
Q

Intubation in swine

A
  • Lidocaine for laryngeal spasm
  • small tube sizes compared to dogs of similar body weight
  • head & neck fully extended
  • caution w/ long ETT, can accidentally blcok the tracheal bronchus
  • caution so you don’t perforate the larynx
39
Q

Recovery in swine

A
  • extubate when laryngeal reflexes are present
  • warm environment/monitor temp
  • keep in sternal
  • alone - could be cannibalised/mutilated by others in pen so keep alone until fully awake & aware
  • quiet environment
40
Q

Potential complications of anaesthetic treatment in swine

A
  • laryngospasm
  • fluid accumulation in larynx
  • difficult intubation
  • hypothermia
  • malignant hyperthermia (less common now)
  • recovery –> respiratory obstruction, cannibalism
41
Q

Malignant hyperthermia in swines

A
  • genetic (recessive) hypermetabolic syndrome
  • increased cell metabolism –> elevation of CO2 & lactic acid
  • commonly affected: landrace, pietrain, duroc, poland-china
  • Triggers: stress, succinylcholine, volatile agents, N2O, isoflurane
  • clinical signs: hypercapnia, muscle rigidiy, increased temp, metabolic & resp acidosis, tachypnoea, tachycardia, hot/pink skin
  • Txt: difficult, stop triggers, cool body, Dentrolene muscle relaxant
42
Q

Premedication of swine

A
  • Azaperone, not analgesic, deep IM inj, long recoveries
  • Alpha-2 agonists: ketamine, butorphanol
  • Suitable protocol: Detomidine, Ketamine, Butorphanol
43
Q

Induction & maintenance in swine

A

Induction: ketamine, thiopental
Maintenance: Isoflurane

44
Q

Analgesia in swine

A

NSAID: meloxicam, flunixin –> prone to GI ulceration
Opioids: morphine, fentanyl, pethidine, butorphanol (cascade)
Locals

Anaesthesia (24 decks)

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