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BVetMed3 - Respiratory > Clinical Examination > Flashcards

Clinical Examination Flashcards

1
Q

What further diagnostics can be used to investigate respiratory disease?

A

Endoscopy
Respiratory function tests
Laboratory and clinical pathology
Imaging

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2
Q

What history factors should you consider during a respiratory case?

A 
Herd or individual problem?
Neonate, juvenile or adult?
Performance, pleasure or production?
Management and environment
Disease time course and features 
Response to treatment 
Cough specifics
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3
Q

What should you ask when presented with a coughing patient?

A

Type - soft productive

  • harsh, dry, unproductive
  • honking

Frequency

  • all the time?
  • Exercise / excitement
  • paroxysmal
  • pulling on lead?
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4
Q

What should you observe from a distance in a coughing patient?

A 
General behaviour and demeanour 
Respiratory rate, effort and pattern 
Inspiration and expiratory noise 
Nostril flare 
Bilateral nostril airflow 
Noise - Sterter, honking, roaring, whistling
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5
Q

What should you look at during a general clinical examination?

A 
BCS 
Posture 
Abdominal effort 
Hypertrophy of abdominal muscles 
Mucous membranes 
Eyes 
Jugular veins
Pectoral oedema
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6
Q

What should you look for in the nares and nasal passages?

A

Airflow obstruction

Discharges

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7
Q

How can you assess the paranasal sinuses in horses?

A

FACIAL SYMMETRY

Percussion

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8
Q

What can be assessed in the pharyngeal area in horses?

A

Gutteral pouches - swelling

Lymph nodes - enlargement, discharge

Larynx

  • asymmetry of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
  • movement in response to slap over withers
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9
Q

What can be assessed in the pharyngeal area of other species?

A

Lymph nodes - size, discharge

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10
Q

What does radiating heart sounds in equines indicate?

A

Pleural effusion

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11
Q

In what animals would you expect to be able to hear louder sounds on thoracic auscultation?

A

Foals

Thin animals

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12
Q

How reliable is thoracic auscultation in small animals?

A

Not very - absence of sounds doesn’t mean absence of disease

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13
Q

What do crackles indicate?

A

Small airways and alveoli

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14
Q

What do wheezes indicate?

A

Partial obstruction of larger airways

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15
Q

How can palpation of the apex beat be useful?

A

Shifting of apex beat is likely to indicate displacement of the heart, probably due to a space occupying lesion

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16
Q

What could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A 
Infection
Inflammation
Trauma
Degenerative disease 
Neoplasia 
Congenital/developmental 
Multifactorial
17
Q

What infection could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A

Nasal aspirgillosis
Sinusitis
Gutteral pouch mycosis

18
Q

What inflammation could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A

Lower airway disease

19
Q

What trauma could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A

Nasal/pharyngeal trauma

Nasal/pharyngeal foreign body

20
Q

What degenerative disease could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A

Mitral insufficiency

21
Q

What neoplasia could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A

Sinus neoplasia
Ethmoid haematoma
Pulmonary neoplasia

22
Q

What congenital abnormality could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A

Sinus cyst

23
Q

What multifactorial disease process could cause epistaxis in a 13 year old eventing horse?

A

Atrial fibrillation

EIPH

24
Q

What can you visualise with equine endoscopy?

A 
Nasal passages 
Guttural pouch 
Nasopharynx
Soft palate 
Larynx 
Trachea
25
Q

When can endoscopy be performed in horses?

A

At rest - standing restrained and/or sedated

Exercise - treadmill or dynamic endoscopy

26
Q

What techniques can be aided by endoscopy in horses?

A

Tracheal aspirate
BAL
Biopsy
Foreign Body retrieval

27
Q

What can endoscopy be used to visualise in small animals?

A

Trachea
Mainstem bronchi
Larger divisions of main bronchi

Smaller airways NOT accessible

28
Q

What are the requirements for endoscopy in small animals?

A

Able to tolerate GA

Sufficient diameter of trachea (>5mm)

BVetMed3 - Respiratory (5 decks)

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