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Surg Spec (Urology) > Clinical Essentials > Flashcards

Clinical Essentials Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 examples of storage (filling) LUTS?

A

Frequency, urgency, nocturia, dysuria

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2
Q

Give 4 examples of obstructive (voiding) LUTS?

A

Poor stream, terminal dribbling, incomplete emptying, hesitancy

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3
Q

Are storage (filling) urological symptoms more common in males or females?

A

Females

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4
Q

Are obstructive (voiding) urological symptoms more common in males or females?

A

Males

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5
Q

What is the normal post-void residual volume in individuals aged < 65 years?

A

< 50mls

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6
Q

What is the normal post-void residual volume in individuals aged > 65 years?

A

< 100mls

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7
Q

A triad of dysuria, urgency and frequency is most suggestive of which diagnosis?

A

UTI

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8
Q

How does acute urinary retention usually present?

A

Severe lower abdominal pain and an inability to pass urine

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9
Q

If a person has haematuria caused by bleeding in the lower urinary tract, when does it typically occur in the stream?

A

The end of the stream

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10
Q

What are the two main causes of painful haematuria?

A

UTIs and renal stones

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11
Q

Painless haematuria is often the presenting feature of what?

A

Tumours of the urinary tract (particularly bladder and kidney)

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12
Q

Haematuria involving clots suggests that the bleeding is coming from where?

A

The upper urinary tract

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13
Q

Haematuria due to exercise e.g. contact sports or long-distance running will usually resolve within how long?

A

7 days

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14
Q

Bouts of severe, unilateral loin to groin pain associated with haematuria is known as what (if no other underlying cause is found on investigation)?

A

Loin pain haematuria syndrome

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15
Q

Pain from the kidneys is usually felt where?

A

Loin

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16
Q

Pain from the bladder is usually felt where?

A

Suprapubic area

17
Q

Pain from the prostate may be felt where?

A

Perineum

18
Q

What are the two main urological causes for acute loin pain?

A

Obstructed-infected kidney or renal calculi

19
Q

The presence of nitrites in the urine indicates the presence of what?

A

Gram negative bacteria

20
Q

What type of urine sample is used for microscopy and culture?

A

Mid-stream sample

21
Q

What is the initial modality of choice for imaging the kidneys and bladder?

A

Ultrasound

22
Q

What is the initial modality of choice for imaging the prostate gland?

A

Trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)

23
Q

What is a baseline imaging test which is done in everyone presenting with suspected renal calculi, but often shows nothing?

A

KUB radiograph (plain radiograph)

24
Q

What is the difference between a CT-KUB and CT-urogram?

A

CT-urogram utilises contrast, while a CT-KUB does not

25
Q

What is the imaging investigation of choice instead of CT-urogram in patients who have contrast allergies, renal impairment or are pregnant?

A

MR-urography

26
Q

What investigation is used to measure the volume of urine passed with time, and is used to calculate the flow rate?

A

Uroflowmetry

27
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with renal colic?

A

CT-KUB

28
Q

If aged > 50 years, what are the gold standard investigations for someone presenting with macroscopic haematuria?

A

CT-urogram and cystoscopy

29
Q

If aged < 50 years, what is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with macroscopic haematuria?

A

Renal ultrasound

30
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with a renal mass?

A

CT-urogram

31
Q

Renal masses which contain fat are usually what?

A

Benign angiomyolipomas

32
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with suspected renal trauma?

A

CT-urogram

33
Q

What investigations can be used for someone presenting with suspected bladder trauma?

A

Cystography (x-ray) or CT-cystography

34
Q

What should you never do if you have suspicion of a urethral injury?

A

Catheterise

35
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for a painful or swollen scrotum?

A

Ultrasound

36
Q

What is a cause for hyper-vascularisation of the testis on ultrasound?

A

Epididymo-orchitis

37
Q

What is a cause for hypo-vascularisation/avascularisation of the testis on ultrasound?

A

Testicular torsion

Surg Spec (Urology) (8 decks)

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