Clinical Essentials Flashcards
Give 4 examples of storage (filling) LUTS?
Frequency, urgency, nocturia, dysuria
Give 4 examples of obstructive (voiding) LUTS?
Poor stream, terminal dribbling, incomplete emptying, hesitancy
Are storage (filling) urological symptoms more common in males or females?
Females
Are obstructive (voiding) urological symptoms more common in males or females?
Males
What is the normal post-void residual volume in individuals aged < 65 years?
< 50mls
What is the normal post-void residual volume in individuals aged > 65 years?
< 100mls
A triad of dysuria, urgency and frequency is most suggestive of which diagnosis?
UTI
How does acute urinary retention usually present?
Severe lower abdominal pain and an inability to pass urine
If a person has haematuria caused by bleeding in the lower urinary tract, when does it typically occur in the stream?
The end of the stream
What are the two main causes of painful haematuria?
UTIs and renal stones
Painless haematuria is often the presenting feature of what?
Tumours of the urinary tract (particularly bladder and kidney)
Haematuria involving clots suggests that the bleeding is coming from where?
The upper urinary tract
Haematuria due to exercise e.g. contact sports or long-distance running will usually resolve within how long?
7 days
Bouts of severe, unilateral loin to groin pain associated with haematuria is known as what (if no other underlying cause is found on investigation)?
Loin pain haematuria syndrome
Pain from the kidneys is usually felt where?
Loin
Pain from the bladder is usually felt where?
Suprapubic area
Pain from the prostate may be felt where?
Perineum
What are the two main urological causes for acute loin pain?
Obstructed-infected kidney or renal calculi
The presence of nitrites in the urine indicates the presence of what?
Gram negative bacteria
What type of urine sample is used for microscopy and culture?
Mid-stream sample
What is the initial modality of choice for imaging the kidneys and bladder?
Ultrasound
What is the initial modality of choice for imaging the prostate gland?
Trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS)
What is a baseline imaging test which is done in everyone presenting with suspected renal calculi, but often shows nothing?
KUB radiograph (plain radiograph)
What is the difference between a CT-KUB and CT-urogram?
CT-urogram utilises contrast, while a CT-KUB does not
What is the imaging investigation of choice instead of CT-urogram in patients who have contrast allergies, renal impairment or are pregnant?
MR-urography
What investigation is used to measure the volume of urine passed with time, and is used to calculate the flow rate?
Uroflowmetry
What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with renal colic?
CT-KUB
If aged > 50 years, what are the gold standard investigations for someone presenting with macroscopic haematuria?
CT-urogram and cystoscopy
If aged < 50 years, what is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with macroscopic haematuria?
Renal ultrasound
What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with a renal mass?
CT-urogram
Renal masses which contain fat are usually what?
Benign angiomyolipomas
What is the gold standard investigation for someone presenting with suspected renal trauma?
CT-urogram
What investigations can be used for someone presenting with suspected bladder trauma?
Cystography (x-ray) or CT-cystography
What should you never do if you have suspicion of a urethral injury?
Catheterise
What is the gold standard investigation for a painful or swollen scrotum?
Ultrasound
What is a cause for hyper-vascularisation of the testis on ultrasound?
Epididymo-orchitis
What is a cause for hypo-vascularisation/avascularisation of the testis on ultrasound?
Testicular torsion
