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clinical chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is clinical chemistry

A

biochemical analysis of bodily fluids for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes

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2
Q

name biochemical disorders

A

homeostatic, endocrine, inherited/genetic and nutritional disorders

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3
Q

what are examples of homeostatic disorders

A
  • acid-base balance
  • fluid and electrolyte disorders
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4
Q

what are examples of endocrine disorders

A
  • hyposecretion
  • hypersecretion
  • hormone resistance
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5
Q

what are examples of inherited/genetic disoders

A

enzyme and receptor deficiency

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6
Q

what are examples of nutritional disorders

A

nutrient deficiency and excess

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7
Q

name 1 homeostatic disorder

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

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8
Q

describe the blood fluid homeostasis when drink too much water

A
  • drank too much water
    -water content in blood is too high
  • brain produces less ADH
  • so less water is reabsorbed back into kidney
  • causes the urine output to be high
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9
Q

describe the blood fluid homeostasis when don’t have enough water (eg, sweating)

A
  • the water contents in the blood are too low
  • which causes the brain to produce more ADH
  • this leads to more water being absorbed back into kidney
  • now there’s less urine output (more concentrated)
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10
Q

what are the causes of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

A
  • malignancy eg, lung cancer
  • drugs eg, chloropropamide
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11
Q

what are the consequences for the causes of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

A

inappropriate ADH secretion

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12
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

A
  • low urine output
  • low blood sodium (hyponatraemia)
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13
Q

what are the treatments of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

A
  • restrict water intake
  • treat the underlying cause
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14
Q

name 1 endocrine disorder

A

diabetes mellitus

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15
Q

describe blood glucose regulation when it’s low

A

when blood sugar is low, it causes the pancreas to secrete glucagon which causes glycogen (stored glucose in the liver) to turn into glucose. therefore, raising blood sugar levels.

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16
Q

describe blood glucose regulation when it’s high

A

when blood sugar is high it causes the pancreas to secrete insulin from the pancreas. the insulin then causes glucose to turn into glycogen (stored glucose in the liver). insulin also stimulates glucose to be uptaken from the blood into the liver. therefore, lowering blood sugar levels

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17
Q

what are the causes of diabetes mellitus (high blood glucose)

A
  • not enough insulin secreted
  • insulin resistance
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18
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A
  • polydipsia (when you drink too much water) which can cause polyuria (produce a lot of urine)
  • eye disease
  • delayed wound healing
  • nervous tissue damage
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19
Q

what is the treatment for diabetes mellitus

A
  • insulin therapy
  • dietary
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20
Q

name 1 genetic disorder

A

glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

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21
Q

what is the cause of glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

A

genetic defect

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22
Q

what is the consequence of the genetic defect

A

glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

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23
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

A
  • hypoglycaemia (abnormally low blood glucose)
  • hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
  • lactic acidosis (when lactic acid builds up in your blood)
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24
Q

what is the treatment of glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency

A
  • frequent intake of glucose
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25
Q

name 1 nutritional disorder

A

vitamin D deficiency

26
Q

what are sources of vitamin D

A
  • food
  • skin (by sunlight)
27
Q

what are the functions of vitamin D

A
  • absorption of calcium
  • absorption of phosphate
28
Q

what are the causes of vitamin D deficiency

A
  • dietary deficiency
  • lack of sunlight
  • malabsorption
29
Q

what are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency

A

decreased bone mineralisation

30
Q

what are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency

A
  • bone pain
  • loss of height
  • bone deformation
  • rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
31
Q

what is the treatment of vitamin D deficieny

A
  • vitamin D supplements
  • to treat the cause
32
Q

what is the concept of disease

A

cause => disease which can be split into sign symptom, biochemical, cellular, microbal

33
Q

describe patient investigation

A

first it’s clinical history then clinical examination then provisional diagnosis then diagnostic services. the types of services include radiology, pathology and medical physics.

34
Q

name some pathology services

A

-haematology, microbiology, histopathology , virology and biochemistry (eg, clinical chemistry, chemical pathology, medical biochemistry)

35
Q

what is the role of biochemical tests

A

diagnosis (eg, diabetes mellitus), screening (eg, phenylketonuria), monitoring treatment (eg, diabetes mellitus) and prognosis (eg, renal failure).

36
Q

in a biochemistry lab what are the tests that normally happen

A
  • core tests: electrolytes, urea, bilirubin, glucose
  • specialised tests: trace elements (measures specific minerals), vitamins and drugs
  • emergency tests: blood gases (exact amount of O2 and CO2 in blood), salicylate and paracetamol
37
Q

in a biochemistry lab how many specimens per day do they take

A

200-400

38
Q

in a biochemistry lab how many tests per specimen occurs

A

1-10

39
Q

in a biochemistry lab how many tests per year are there

A

approx 500,000

40
Q

what are the sections in a biochemistry lab

A
  • reception
  • automated
  • emergency
  • metabolic
    -endocrine
  • toxicology
  • paediatric
  • specialised
  • computing
41
Q

what are the biochemistry lab specimens

A
  • venous blood (deoxygenated blood)
  • arterial blood
  • urine
  • faeces
  • saliva
  • tissues/cells
  • cerebrospinal/ gastrointestinal fluid
42
Q

what are the types of quality control

A
  • internal and external quality control
  • accreditation
43
Q

what are the purposes of analytical methods

A

the purpose of analytical methods is to measure biological analytes in pathology specimens and the results would help with diagnosis, screening, prognosis and monitoring treatment.

44
Q

what is an analytical method

A

a set of instructions that describe the procedure, materials and equipment needed to get the results

45
Q

what is calibration

A

this is the process of relating the value shown on the scale of an instrument or analytical device to the quantity needed to be measured

46
Q

what is a standard

A

this is a solution or material that the sample is compared to so a results can be determined

47
Q

what is a blank

A

treated as the sample or standard but doesn’t have the analyte being measured and it’s used to zero the instruments

48
Q

what is control

A

this is a material or solution that has a known amount of the analyte interested in and is used for quality control purposes

49
Q

what 2 things should analytical methods have

A
  • practicality
  • reliability
50
Q

what 2 things is the reliability in analytical methods subject to

A
  • analytical and biological variation
51
Q

what does accuracy mean

A

this is the ability of a method being able to produce results that are close to the true value of the substance being measured

52
Q

what does precision mean

A

this is the ability of a method to produce the same value every time the method is used to measure a specific analyte

53
Q

what does sensitivity mean

A

the ability of the method detecting a small amount of the analyte

54
Q

what is limit of detection

A

this is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the blank

55
Q

what is specificity

A

this is the ability of a method only detecting the test substance

56
Q

give examples of biological variations

A
  • age
  • gender
  • diet
  • stress
  • exercise
  • menstrual cycle
  • drugs
57
Q

what things are assessed in methods for practicality

A
  • cost
  • speed
  • safety
  • skills required
  • dependability
58
Q

what are two types of techniques

A
  • separation and detection
59
Q

give 2 examples of separation techniques

A
  • chromatography and electrophoresis
60
Q

give 2 examples of detection techniques

A
  • colorimetric eg, spectrophotometry
  • immunoassay eg, radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay
61
Q

what is the purpose of separation techniques

A

to separate the analyte interested in from a mixture and to check the purity of the analyte

biomedical science (4 decks)

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