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biomedical science > cell pathology > Flashcards

cell pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what do our bodies react to

A
  • physiological stress or pathological stimuli
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2
Q

what do cells to accommodate for extracellular stresses

A

change structure and function. also maintain normal homeostasis

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3
Q

what type of process can cell death be

A

normal or abnormal processes

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4
Q

what are examples of reversible changes

A
  • number
  • size
  • phenotype (observable characteristics)
  • function
  • metabolic activity
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5
Q

what are the two types of adaptive responses

A

physiological and pathological adaptations

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6
Q

name some adaptive responses

A
  • hypertrophy
  • atrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
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7
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

this is the increased size of cells and organs.

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8
Q

why can hypertrophy occur

A

it can occur because of an increased amount of proteins and organelles and in cells that don’t divide

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9
Q

what type of adaptive response can hypertrophy be

A

can be physiological and pathological

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10
Q

what other adaptation can hypertrophy occur at the same time as

A

hyperplasia

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11
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

this is the increased number of cells and increased organ size

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12
Q

in what type of cells does hyperplasia occur in

A

in cells that are able to replicate

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13
Q

with what other adaptation can hyperplasia also occur with at the same time

A

hypertrophy

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14
Q

what type of adaptive response can hyperplasia be

A

can be physiological or pathological

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15
Q

give an example of hyperplasia

A

gingival hyperplasia

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16
Q

what can gingival hyperplasia be caused by

A

phenytoin

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17
Q

what is atrophy

A

this is the reduces size of cells and organs

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18
Q

what can be the cause of atrophy

A
  • decreased work load
  • loss of innervation (supply of nerves)
  • diminished blood supply
  • not enough nutrition
  • loss of endocrine stimulation
  • ageing
  • reduces protein synthesis (because of lowered metabolic activity)
  • increased protein degradation
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19
Q

what is metaplasia

A

this is a reversible change in phenotype (observable characteristic). this is as it’s replaced with a cell type that can withstand the environment better

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20
Q

where does metaplasia arise from

A

genetic reprogramming of stem cells

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21
Q

what are some causes of cell injury

A
  • physical trauma
  • hypoxia below normal level of O2 in blood)
  • infectious and chemical agents
  • genetic defects
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22
Q

give an example of metaplasia in real life

A

epithelial metaplasia in smokers. this is where specialised ciliated columnar epithelial cells are exchanged with hardy squamous epithelial cells. this change helps survival but protective mechanisms are lost.

23
Q

what are reversible cell changes in injury

A
  • cell swelling
  • swelling of organelles
  • loss of microvilli
  • surface blebs
  • clumping of chromatin
24
Q

what are irreversible cellular changes in injury

A
  • severe cell swelling
  • membrane damage
  • nuclear changes
  • lysosomal enzyme release
  • protein digestions
25
what can irreversible cell changes lead to
cell death
26
what are cellular changes we can see with a microscope
- necrosis (pathological cell death) - membrane blebbing - nuclear changes - cloudy swelling
27
what are cellular changes we can't see
- endoplasmic reticulum swelling - loss of ribosomes - loss of specialised membrane structures - vacuolisation of mitochondria
28
what is cell death
- the cell membrane, mitochondria, DNA are the main targets for cell injury - the inability to divide - loss of normal structure and function - biochemical changes due to changes to structure - cell death can be through necrosis (pathological) or apoptosis (physiological)
29
what happens in necrosis cell death
- small blebs start to form which causes a structural change in the nucleus - the blebs fuse together causing it to become bigger and the organelles move to the middle - the membrane swells causing it to rupture, releasing the contents of the cell - ends in inflammation
30
what are the types of nuclear changes in cell death
- pyknosis = nuclear shrinkage - karyolysis = nuclear fading - karyorrhexis = nuclear fragmentaion
31
what is necrosis caused by
caused by external factors such as infections, toxins or trauma
32
what causes loss of cell membrane integrity and uncontrolled release of components
autolysis (self-destruction through it's own enzymes)
33
what does necrosis cause in the surrounding tissue
inflammation
34
what is the tissue response to necrosis
haemorrhage
35
what are the two types of tissue response to necrosis
resolution and repair
36
what is resolution in tissue response to necrosis
- site (where), type and extent of injury - means when it's resolved which is done by replacing cells with other cells - if can't resolve, the body tries to repair
37
what is repair in tissue response to necrosis
- if tissue can't resolve it removes dead tissue by using neutrophils and macrophages. - Also granulation tissue forms (tissue that forms during healing process)
38
what are the 5 types of necrosis
- coagulative - liquefaction (colliquative) - caseating - fat - gangrenous
39
what is the most common type of necrosis
coagulative
40
what is coagulative necrosis
- affects solid organs eg, heart - the organs are are firm and pale - artery occlusion (blockage of blood flow in an artery) is due to ischemia (loss of blood flow) - associated with people with cardiovascular and diabetes
41
what is liquefactive necrosis
- semi liquid - the degradation (tissue broken down) of cellular and extracellular components by hydrolytic enzymes - there are cystic cavities that contain fluid and cell debris - main causes are cerebral infarction (stroke) and bacterial infection - there's also loss of neurons and neuroglia cells - many macrophages to remove cell debris
42
what is caseating necrosis
- soft and white (cream cheese) - soft degradation - there's unstructured protein mass - associated with tuberculosis
43
what is fat necrosis
- hard, yellow tissue that's found in dead adipose tissue (tissue made of fat cells) - when have pancreatitis (inflammation of pancreas) proteolytic and lypolytic enzymes are released - when have breast trauma fatty acids are released which causes inflammatory response
44
what is calcification of necrotic tissue
Dystrophic calcification - lots of calcium enter the cells - calcium is combined with phosphate to form calcium phosphate crystals - extracellular calcification can also occur - eg, in heart valves which prevents them from working properly
45
is gangrene a distinctive type of necrosis
no
46
what is gangrene
- the blackening of dead tissue - associated with severe atherosclerosis, diabetes - ischaemia (loss of blood flow) is irreversible
47
what are the types of gangrene
dry, wet, gas
48
what type of necrosis is associated with dry gangrene
coagulative necrosis
49
what type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene
liquefactive necrosis
50
what is gas gangrene
- when bacteria release toxins which release gas into tissue - occurs after an infection with clostridium welchii (gram positive bacteria). - bacteria invades injuries with damaged blood supply - skin appears grey to to purplish red also has bubbles which make crackling noise when pressed
51
what is dry gangrene
coagulative necrosis form ischaemic injury (loss of blood flow)
52
what is dry gangrene caused by
poor circulation
53
what type of process is dry gangrene
slow, gradual process
54

biomedical science (4 decks)

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