Clinical Approach to Neurodevelopmental and Attention Disorders Flashcards
What are some neurodevelopmental disorder?
- Intellectual disability
- Communication disorders
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Motor Disorders
When do neurodevelopmental disorders develop?
- Early in development
- For all motor disorders, must be present before the child enters grade school
What do neurodevelopmental disorders produce?
- Impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
What is an intellectual disability?
- Will have adaptive functioning deficits in three domains: conceptual, social, and practical
What is a part of the conceptual domain in an intellectual disability?
- Reasoning
- Problem solving
- Planning
- Abstract thinking
- Judgement
- Academic learning
- Learning from experience
What is seen in preschoolers with an intellectual disability?
- Language and pre-academic skills develop slowly
What is seen in school age children with an intellectual disability?
- Progress in reading, writing, mathematics, concepts of time and money lags behind that of peers
What is seen in adults with an intellectual disabilty?
- Academic skill typically at an elementary level
- Support is required for all use of academic skills in work and personal life
- Assistance may be needed for conceptual tasks of day-to-day life
What is seen in the social domain in an intellectual disability?
- Difficulty developing age-mates, is immature in social interactions
- Difficulty accurately perceiving peers’ social cues
- Communication, conversation, and language are more concrete, less mature
- Difficulties regulating emotion and behavior are noticed by peers in social situations
- Social judgements is immature for age, the person is at risk of being manipulated by others
What is seen in the practical domain in an intellectual disability?
- Difficulty with age-appropriate personal care
- Adults need help with grocery shopping, transportation, home and child care, food preparation, and money management – support is typically needed to raise a family
- Difficulty making good decisions about personal well-being and recreational activities
- Competitive employment restricted to jobs that do not emphasize conceptual skills
- Need help making health care and legal decisions
What are some diagnostic tools if an intellectual disability?
- Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST): covers gross motor, language, fine motor-adaptive, and personal-social
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V): measures a child’s intellectual ability
What is severity based on in an intellectual disability?
- Adaptive functioning – NOT IQ
What is global developmental delay?
- Unable to undergo systemic assessments of intellectual functioning
- Meet observational diagnostic criteria of intellectual disability disorder
- Children who are too young to participate in standardized testing
- Acquired insult during the developmental period
- Severe head injury
What about language is affected in communication disorders?
- Conventional system of spoken words
- Sign language
- Written words
- Pictures
What about speech is affected in communication disorders?
- Articulation
- Fluency
- Voice
- Resonation quality
What about communication is affected in communication disorders?
- Verbal and nonverbal behavior that conveys thoughts and feelings
What is seen in language disorder?
- Difficulty with spoken, written, and sign language
- Reduced vocabulary
- Limited ability to form complete sentences
- Limited ability to connect sentences to explain things or have a conversation
- Language abilities are below those expected for agen and negatively impact functioning
- Difficulties are not due to hearing or sensory impairment, motor dysfunction, neurological condition, or due to being a foreign language speaker
What is seen in speech sound disorder?
- Difficulty making speech sounds that are intelligible and limits verbal communication
- Interferes with social participation, academic achievement, and occupational performance
- Not attributable to congenital or acquired conditions, such as cerebral palsy, cleft palate, deafness or hearing loss, traumatic brain injury, or other medical neurological conditions
- Not attributable to limited opportunity for language acquisitions
What is seen in Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (stuttering)?
- Difficulty with the fluency and patterns of speech sound
- Sound prolongations
- Pauses within a word
- Audible or silent pauses in speech
- Word substitutions to avoid problematic words
- Words pronounced with an excess of physical tension
- Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
- Causes anxiety about speaking and limits effective communication, social participation, academic performance
- Not attributable to a speech-motor or sensory deficit, neurological insult such as stroke, tumor, or trauma, or other mental disorder
What is seen in Social (pragmatic) Communication Disorder?
- Difficulty with social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
- Such as greeting and sharing information as appropriate for the social setting
- Such as speaking differently in a classroom than on a playground, talking differently to a child than an adult, and avoiding overly formal language
- Such as taking turns in conversations, rephrasing when misunderstood, and knowing how to use verbal and nonverbal signals
- Difficulty understanding inferences, idioms, humor, metaphors, and things that have different meanings depending on the context
What is social communication disorder no attributable to?
- Another medical or neurological condition or to low abilities in the domains of word structure and grammar, and are not better explained by autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, global developmental delay, another mental disorder or language acquisition
What are the diagnostic features of social communication disorder?
- A primary difficulty with the social use of language
What are the associated features that support the diagnosis?
- Delay in reaching language milestones
What are the problems with social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts in autism spectrum disorder?
- Failure of normal back and forth conversation
- Reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect
- Failure to initiate or respond to social interactions
What are the problems with nonverbal behaviors used for social interaction in autism spectrum disorder?
- Poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication
- Lack of meaningful eye contact
- Limited use body language, gestures, or facial expressions
What are the problems with developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships in autism spectrum disorder?
- Adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts
- Sharing imaginative play or making friends (prefers parallel play versus interactive play)
- Absence of interest in peers