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NMSP Exam 3 > Behavioral Therapies > Flashcards

Behavioral Therapies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two key theories that produce different therapies?

A
  1. Classical conditioning

2. Operant conditioning

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A
  • Learning is the association of things that take place together in time
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3
Q

When does classical conditioning occur?

A
  1. Repeated pairing of a neutral event (stimulus) –> unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  2. One that evokes a response –> unconditioned response (UCR)
  3. So that the neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke that same response –> conditioned stimulus (CS) and the conditioned response (CR)
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4
Q

When was classical conditioning discovered?

A
  • Pavlov’s dog
  • Pavlov gave dog meat powder when ringing a bell
  • After repetition, the ringing of the bell made the dog salivate
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5
Q

In terms of Pavlov what was the UCS/UCR and CS/CR?

A
  • UCS: meat powder
  • UCR: salivation
  • CS: bell ringing
  • CR: salivation
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6
Q

What is extinction?

A
  • Possible to extinguish this learned response of salivation by exposing dog to food without hearing bell
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7
Q

What was the case of little albert?

A
  1. Loud sound –> fear
  2. White rat + loud sound –> fear
  3. White rat –> fear (causing phobia of white rats)
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8
Q

What is generalization?

A
  • When other similar stimuli/situation also becomes the CS for the CR
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9
Q

How is generalization seen in the case of little albert?

A
  • Phobia of white rats causing a phobia of doctors causing a phobia of santa
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10
Q

How can behavioral therapy be used for phobias?

A
  • Combine the feared stimulus with relaxation can cause a decrease in anxiety
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11
Q

What is done in systematic desensitization?

A

Step 1: Make a list – a hierarchy of fears
Step 2: Select a feared object/situation low on list and use relaxation to condition it until there is much less anxiety/fear
Step 3: Select a feared object/situation medium on list
Step 4: Select a feared object/situation higher on list
Step 5: Select a feared object/situation highest on list

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12
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • Learning is the association of things that take sequentially
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13
Q

When does operant conditioning occur?

A
  • Responses that have a positive effect are likely to increase
  • Responses that have an unpleasant effect are likely to decrease
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14
Q

What is reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning?

A
  • Reinforcement: results in increased behavior

- Punishment: results in decreased behavior

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15
Q

What is positive and negative in operant conditioning?

A
  • Positive: Something is added

- Negative: Something is taken away

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16
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A
  1. Something is added (financial incentive pay from insurance)
  2. Behavior increases (refers more patients for colonoscopy)
17
Q

What is an example for positive reinforcement?

A
  • Medicare adds extra money to payment for patient’s visit causing physician to increase the rate of referring patients for colonoscopy
18
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A
  1. Something is taken away

2. Behavior increases

19
Q

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

A
  • Child stops whining when parent buys candy at the cash register causing the parent to learn to buy more candy because it stops the whining
20
Q

What is postive punishment?

A
  1. Something is added

2. Behavior decreases

21
Q

What is an example of positive punishment?

A
  • Child is made to made to kneel on rice after parent discovers lying causing the child to decrease lying
22
Q

What is negative punishment?

A
  1. Something is taken away

2. Behavior decreases

23
Q

What is an example of negative punishment?

A
  • Freedom is removed by going to jail after commiting crime causing decreases in crime
24
Q

What is a key point about reinforcements and punishments in operant?

A
  • They must occur AFTER the behavior
25
Q

How is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning?

A
  • Classical conditioning is when the two stimuli occur together
26
Q

Why is punishment often not effective?

A
  1. Punished behavior may be only temporarily suppressed rather than permanently eliminate
  2. When a behavior is punished in one situation, it may increase in another situation
  3. Reponse-punishment contingency may not be recognized
  4. Punishment often conditions negative emotional responses and may lead to escape and avoidance behaviors
  5. Punishment may lead to aggression
  6. Punishment does not illustrate the correct behavior
  7. Severe punishment may cause physical or psychological harm
27
Q

What does spanking teach?

A
  • That causing others pain is ok if you’re frustrated or want to maintain control – even those with those you love

NMSP Exam 3 (18 decks)

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