Clinical Applications

Question 1

What would be the first steps to take if you suspected kidney disease?

Answer 1

urinalysis w/ micro: positive for proteinuria, hematuria, urinary casts; serum creatinine to estimate GFR

Question 2

What can cause urine to appear red?

Answer 2

red pigmented foods; hematuria

Question 3

what can cause urine to appear orange?

Answer 3

dehydration or jaundice

Question 4

what can cause urine to appear blue/green?

Answer 4

food dye or pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 5

What are indications of cloudy urine?

Answer 5

UTI

Question 6

you come across a urine sample with a foul odor. This indicates what?

Answer 6

A UTI

Question 7

You come across a urine sample that smells like acetone. What is the most likely diagonsis?

Answer 7

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 8

you come across a urine sample with a fecal odor. What can cause this?

Answer 8

enterovesical fistula

Question 9

fatty casts may be a sign of what?

Answer 9

nephrotic syndrome

Question 10

epithelial casts may be a sign of what?

Answer 10

renal tubule necrosis; CMV nephritis; transplant rejection

Question 11

waxy casts are a sign of what?

Answer 11

chronic kidney disease

Question 12

What is the diagnostic hallmark for rhabdomyolysis induced hypocalcemia?

Answer 12

urinalysis + for blood but no RBCs see on micro.