Clinical anatomy of the upper limb

Question 1

where is the most common place for a fracture of the clavicle

Answer 1

between the middle and lateral thirds

Question 2

What is the clinical presentation of a fracture of the clavicle

Answer 2

shoulder will drop on the affected side

Question 3

What muscle will be paralysed due to injury of the long thoracic nerve

Answer 3

serratus anterior muscle

Question 4

what are the clinical signs of injury to the long thoracic nerve

Answer 4

winged scapula

Question 5

what does the serrates anterior muscle do

Answer 5

it protects and holds the scapula against the thoracic wall and also rotates it

Question 6

How can muscles of the rotator cuff be injured

Answer 6

repetitive raising of the upper limb above horizontal level and is a common cause of shoulder pain

Question 7

How can the axillary nerve be injured

Answer 7

• downward and anteriorly/posteriorly dislocation of the glenohumeral joint
• Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus
• compression by crutches

Question 8

what muscles does the axillary nerve supply

Answer 8

supply the deltoid and teres minor muscles

Question 9

What are the clinical signs of injury to the axillary nerve

Answer 9

Atrophy of the deltoid muscle, loss of sensation over officer’s badge sign

Question 10

how can the radial nerve be injured

Answer 10

due to fracture of the shaft of the humerus just before it branches to the triceps brachii muscle

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of radial nerve damage

Answer 11

paralysis of the triceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator and extensor muscles of the wrist and fingers, wrist drop, paraesthesia of skin of the dorsolateral aspect of the hand and lateral three and half fingers

Question 12

What does laceration of the brachial artery cause

Answer 12

paralysis of the muscle from ischaemia within a free hours and permanent shortening of the muscle due to fibrosis. Leads to flexion deformity called volkman ischaemic contracture

Question 13

Pronators syndrome is caused by injury to which nerve

Answer 13

median nerve

Question 14

what are the clinical signs of median nerve injury

Answer 14

hand of benediction (partially extend 2nd and 3rd fingers when making a fist) decreased sensation of the radial three and half midgets and adjacent palm. Pain and tenderness in the proximal aspect of the anterior forearm

Question 15

Carpal tunnel syndrome is due to compression of which nerve

Answer 15

median nerve