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Musculoskeletal system > Bones and joints > Flashcards

Bones and joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of

A

Bones of the head, neck and trunk

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2
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of

A

Bones of the limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

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3
Q

What are the parts of a long bone from head to bottom

A

Proximal epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, distal epiphysis

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4
Q

What does the proximal epiphysis contain

A

articular cartilage, epiphyseal line, spongey bone

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5
Q

What is inside the bone matrix

A

water, collagen, crystallised mineral salts

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6
Q

What is the function of collagen fibres

A

flexibility and tensile strength

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7
Q

what is the function of crystallised mineral salts

A

hardness and compressive strength

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8
Q

what are the 4 types of bone cells

A

osteogenic cells. osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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9
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

unspecialised bone stem cells

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10
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

bone-building cells

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11
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

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12
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

bone matrix breaking down cells

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13
Q

what are the features of compact bone

A

Repeating units of osteons encapsulated by the periosteum and an inner osteogenic layer

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14
Q

what are the features of spongey bone (trabeculae)

A

bone marrow fills the spaces of spongey bone and the medullary cavity of long bone

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15
Q

where is the medullary cavity

A

metaphysis

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16
Q

what is red bone marrow

A

haemopoietic tissue and is the site of red blood cell production

17
Q

What is yellow bone marrow

A

fat or adipose tissue, retains the capacity to convert to red marrow particularly after severe blood loss

18
Q

Why do bones require a blood supply

A

the calcified matrix does not allow diffusion

19
Q

what are the blood vessels in the bone

A

epiphyseal vessels, metaphyseal vessels, periosteral vessels, nutrient foramen, nutrient vessels

20
Q

What are the two types of bone growth

A

Interstitial (endogenous) growth and appositional (exogenous growth)

21
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

involves increase in the number of cells (chondrocytes) by continual mitotic cell division with secretion of matrix material.

22
Q

what is appositional growth

A

mainly involves the deposition of more matrix material by periosteal chondroblasts with little or no increase in number of cells

23
Q

By what types of growth does cartilage grow in length and thickness

A

both interstitial and appositional growth

24
Q

how does bone grow in length

A

interstitial growth

25
Q

how does bone grow in thickness

A

appositional growth

26
Q

where does growth in length occur

A

at the metaphyseal surface of an epiphyseal plate

27
Q

where does growth in thickness occur

A

at the bone surface

28
Q

what does mechanical stress on bone structure induce

A

increased deposition of bone mineral salts and production of collagen fibres to increase tensile strength of bone.
Increased production of calcitonin which inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation

29
Q

what does absence of mechanical stress lead to

A

abnormal bone remodelling because bone resorption outstrips bone formation
Bone weakness due to demineralisation and decreased collagen fibres production

30
Q

What happens to bone growth in a young adult

A

bone deposition equals bone resorption and sex steroids shut down bone growth and bone elongation ceases

31
Q

At middle age what happens to bones

A

level of sex hormone diminishes and there e is more bone resorption then deposition

32
Q

at old age what happens to bones

A

increased bone resorption, loss of bone mass, decreased protein synthesis, bone brittleness

33
Q

what is giantism

A

over secretion of hGH in childhood and lack or under secretion of oestrogen

34
Q

what causes acromegaly (big hands and feet)

A

over secretion of hGH after close of the bone growth (epiphyseal) plates

35
Q

what causes short stature

A

under secretion of hGH in childhood

36
Q

what causes osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass due to demineralisation through increased bone resorption

37
Q

what causes brittle bones

A

due to decreased collagen synthesis

38
Q

adult rickets - osteomalacia

A

lack of vitamin D/calcium or teal dysfunction, poorly mineralised and calcified bones, soft and bending bones

39
Q

rickets (children osteomalacia)

A

bowed legs, deformities of pelvis and rib cage

Musculoskeletal system (7 decks)

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