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BDS1 Head and Neck Anatomy > Clinical Anatomy of the Face > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Face Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cranium?

A
  • Neurocranium

- Viscerocranium

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2
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A
  • bony covering of the brain and meninges
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3
Q

What is the roof of the neurocranium called?

A

Calavaria

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4
Q

What is the floor of the neurocranium called?

A

Cranial base

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5
Q

What are the 8 bones of the neurocranium?

A 
Frontal 
Ethmoid 
Sphenoid 
Occipital 
Temporal (x2)
Parietal (x2)
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6
Q

What is included in the Viscerocranium?

A

The 14 facial bones

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7
Q

Frontal, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones are pneumatised. What does this mean?

A

They have air in them

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8
Q

When does resorption of alveolar bone occur?

A

When a tooth is taken out and affects the bone around the other teeth

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior aspect of the head?

A
  • From the forehead to the chin

- From ear to ear

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10
Q

What takes longer to grow: the Calavaria or the facial skeleton?

A

The facial skeleton

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11
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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12
Q

What does the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate?

A

The muscles of mastication

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13
Q

What are the 3 sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Ophthalmic
  • Maxillary
  • Mandibular
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14
Q

What is the clinical test of the muscles of mastication?

A
  • Ask patient to close eyes and say yes every time the feel you touching their face - testing sensation of the trigeminal nerve
  • Also ask patient to clench teeth and relax in 2 areas
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15
Q

How many muscles are there in the face?

A

43 muscles in total

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16
Q

Muscles in the face are arranged around the orifices. What does this mean?

A

They are arranged around the holes of the face

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17
Q

What are the muscles in the face attached to?

A

Bone or facia then to skin - this is what allows facial expression

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18
Q

Which nerve are the muscles of the face supplied by?

A

The facial nerve

19
Q

What do the muscles of the upper lip do?

A
  • Elevate
  • Retract
  • Evert (pull things forward)
20
Q

What do muscles of the lower lip do?

A
  • Depress
  • Retract
  • Evert (pull things forward)
21
Q

What is the circular muscle around the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris

22
Q

What is the main muscle of facial expression in the cheek?

A

Buccinator

23
Q

If the orbicularis oris muscle is not completely intact in a patient why does this need to be operated on?

A

As the patient will be unable to eat or speak

24
Q

What is the function of the buccinator muscle and what medical condition can affect this muscle?

A
  • Function: push food and fluid back into the centre of the oral cavity AND muscle in charge of pushing out cheek
  • this gets affected when people have a stroke
25
Q

What is the palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

Tiny muscles in eyelid - while asleep they are continuously contracted

26
Q

What is the orbital part of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

A

Goes around eye - allows you to scrunch up eyes (protective mechanism)

27
Q

What is facial palsy/paralysis?

A

Weakness/paralysis of the face

28
Q

What is a parotidectomy?

A

Removal of parts or all of the parotid gland

29
Q

What is facial reanimation?

A

How to bring peoples face back to life again - bringing function back to the face

30
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A
  • Facial paralysis on one side of the face: forehead, cheek and chin
  • If it is a stroke it does not include the forehead
31
Q

What is the most common facial neuropathy?

A

Bell’s palsy

- Diagnosed only if no specific cause can be identified

32
Q

What is Bell’s palsy caused by?

A
  • Controversial: don’t know why people get it - no known cause, sometimes it just happens
  • Herpes simplex virus may be linked
33
Q

What is Prednisolone?

A
  • Synthetic steroid used to reduce swelling

- Can be used for Bell’s palsy

34
Q

What is Acyclovir?

A
  • Medication to treat the herpes simplex virus

- Can be used for Bell’s palsy

35
Q

Where do parotid pathologies occur?

A

Extra-temporal portion of the facial nerve

36
Q

What % of all head and neck tumours occur on the extra temporal portion of the facial nerve?

A

3%

37
Q

What percentage of head and neck tumours (not inside the brain) are in the parotid gland?

A

75%-85%

38
Q

What percentage of tumours in the head and neck are benign?

A

70%-80%

39
Q

What does treatment of facial reanimation depend on?

A
  • The level of injury

- The duration of paralysis

40
Q

What are the 3 levels of facial reconstruction in terms of time duration?

A
  • Immediate/early reconstruction (dynamic)
  • Intermediate reconstruction (dynamic)
  • Late reconstruction (static)
41
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

The connection of 2 things that are usually diverging

42
Q

What is a hypoglossal - facial anastomosis used for?

A
  • Patients with intermediate duration length facial paralysis
  • Not used in long standing facial paralysis (because nerve and muscle will of died)
  • Side-to-end anastomosis most popular
43
Q

What does static facial reanimation use?

A

Autogenous fascia Lata (fibrous tissue of the thigh)

BDS1 Head and Neck Anatomy (5 decks)

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