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Musculoskeletal > Clinical Anatomy > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does a bump on a bone (i.e. the tibial tuberosity) signify?

A

It is a place for a muscle attachment

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2
Q

What parts of the pelvis often fracture in older patients with osteoporosis?

A

Pubic Ramus

Sacroiliac joints

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3
Q

Name the 3 compartments of the knee

A

1) Medial
2) Lateral
3) Patello-femoral

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4
Q

What is the ankle mortise and what does it hold in it?

A

Lateral malleolus (fibula)
Distal Tibia
Medial Malleolus

holds TALUS bone in it

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5
Q

Where is Chopart’s joint located?

A

Between hindfoot and midfoot

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6
Q

What joints in the foot are responsible for abduction/adduction?

A

joints between midfoot and forefoot

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7
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum of the hip

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8
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Increases contact with the femoral head in the joint socket

=> joint is more stable

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9
Q

What type of hip fracture is treated by replacement?

A

Intra-capsular

  • due to risk of avascular necrosis
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10
Q

What type of hip fracture is treated by surgery and normal healing?

A

Extra-capsular

  • since blood supply is still intact it should heal relatively well
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11
Q

What muscles are described as the Hip Flexors?

A

ILIACUS

PSOAS MAJOR

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12
Q

Where does the iliacus muscle attach to?

A

Origin: Iliac crest / inner aspect of ilium

Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

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13
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the psoas major muscle?

A

Origin: Transverse processes L1-L5

Insertion: Lesser trochanter

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14
Q

In what patients does a psoas abscess usually present?

A

Immunocompromised

IVDU

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15
Q

How do patients with a psoas abscess usually sit?

A

They dont like to extend their hip

=> they sit with it flexed

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16
Q

What muscles are thought of as secondary hip flexors?

A

RECTUS FEMORIS (1 of 4 heads of quadriceps)

SARTORIUS

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17
Q

Where does the rectus femoris attach to?

A

Origin: AIIS

Insertion: Tibia via patella tendon

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18
Q

Where does the sartorius attach to?

A

Origin: ASIS

Insertion: Tibia

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19
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A
  • Injury to the bone in a location where a tendon or ligament attaches to the bone
  • tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of the bone
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20
Q

Where do the hip adductors commonly originate, and where do they insert to?

A

Common origin: Inferior pubic rami

Insertion: Linea aspera
Pectineal line (P)
Tibia (G)

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21
Q

What muscles are classified as hip abductors?

A

GLUTEUS MINIMUS / MEDIUS

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22
Q

Where do the gluteus minimus and medius originate and insert?

A

Origin: Iliac wing
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

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23
Q

Where does the tensor fascia lata?

A

Origin: Iliac crest
Insertion: Lateral tibia via iliotibial tract (ITB)

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24
Q

What muscle is classified as a hip extensor

A

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

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25
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus attach

A

Origin: Posterior aspect of ilium/ sacrum
Insertion: Iliotibial tract

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26
Q

What actions do the hamstring muscles do?

A

hip extension

knee flexion

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27
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

BICEPS FEMORIS

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

SEMITENDINOSUS

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28
Q

Where does the biceps femoris attach to?

A

Origin: Long head: Ischial tuberosity
Short head: Linea aspera

Insertion: Fibula head

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29
Q

Where does the semimembranosus attach to?

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Posterior tibia

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30
Q

Where does the semitendinosus attach to?

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial tibia

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31
Q

What clinical pathologies are the hamstrings involved in?

A

Avulsion

Tears

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32
Q

What pathology usually presents with lateral hip pain?

A

Trochanteric bursitis

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33
Q

What is the function of the collateral ligaments around the knee?

A

Resist varus / valgus stresses at the knee joint

VARUS stress = moving foot IN
=> stressing lateral collateral

VALGUS stress = moving foot OUT
=> stressing medial collateral

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

A

Resists anterior translation and external rotation of the tibia on the femur

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

A

Resists posterior translation of the tibia on the femur

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36
Q

What are the most important functions of the meniscus in the knee?

A
  • Load transfer (“shock absorbers”)
  • Increase femero-tibial conformity
  • Stabilise the knee during movement
  • Lubricate the knee
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37
Q

What injuries can present in the meniscus?

A

Bucket-handle tear

Radial transverse tear

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38
Q

What muscle group is responsible for knee extension?

A

QUADRICEPS MUSCLES

  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus medialis
  • Vastus lateralis
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39
Q

Where does the Rectus Femoris originate?

A

Origin: AIIS

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40
Q

Where do the vastus group of muscles originate?

A

Origin: Anterolateral prox. femur

Origin: Medial edge linea aspera
Greater troachanter

Origin: Medial edge linea aspera
Lesser troachanter

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41
Q

Where do the quadricep muscles commonly insert?

A

Tibia via PATELLAR TENDON

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42
Q

Explain the progression of structures through which the knee is extended

A

Quadriceps muscle

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

Patella tendon

Tibial tubercle

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43
Q

What factors may predispose to patellar instability

A

Genu valgum

Femoral head anteversion

Weak quadriceps (vastus medialis)

Ligamentous laxity (more common in females)

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44
Q

What is the nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

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45
Q

What is the nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

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46
Q

What is the nerve supply to the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

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47
Q

What is the nerve supply to the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Medial sural cutaneous

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48
Q

What are the 2 branches of the common peroneal nerve?

A

Common peroneal (fibular) nerve divides to:

  • Superficial peroneal nerve
  • Deep peroneal nerve
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49
Q

What part of the foot does the superficial peroneal nerve supply?

A

most of dorsal surface of foot

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50
Q

What part of the foot does the deep peroneal nerve supply?

A

1st web

in between first two toes

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51
Q

What nerve is at risk in femoral neck fractures?

A

common peroneal (fibular) nerve

52
Q

What muscles are responsible for ankle plantar flexion?

A

GASTROCNEMIUS: MEDIAL & LATERAL HEADS
SOLEUS
PLANTARIS

53
Q

Where does the gastrocnemius originate?

A

Origin: Femoral condyles

54
Q

Where does the soleus originate?

A

Origin: Broad area on posterior tibia/fibula

55
Q

Where does the plantaris originate?

A

Origin: Lateral femoral condyle

56
Q

What is the common insertion point of the muscles which plantar flex the ankle?

A

Calcaneus via ACHILLES TENDON

57
Q

What muscle is responsible for dorsiflexing the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior

58
Q

Where does the tibialis anterior attach?

A

Origin: Lateral surface proximal tibia
Insertion: Medial cuneiform Base 1st metatarsal

59
Q

What ligaments are found medially and laterally at the ankle joint?

A

MEDIALLY: Deltoid ligament

  • anterior
  • medial
  • posterior

LATERALLY: Lateral ligament complex

60
Q

What structures support the medial arch?

A

TIBIALIS POSTERIOR TENDON

SPRING LIGAMENT (Calcaneonavicular)

61
Q

Where does the tibialis posterior tendon attach to?

A

Origin: Posterior proximal tibia / fibula

Insertion: Navicular / plantar surface of medial cuneiform

62
Q

Where does the plantar tendon attach to?

A

Origin: Tuberosity of calcaneus
Insertion: Heads of metatarsals

63
Q

What clinical condition is most commonly associated with the plantar?

A

Plantar fasciitis

64
Q

What is Pes Planus?

A

Flat foot

65
Q

Describe what is meant by Pes Cavus?

A

“claw foot”

foot is abnormally arched (like a cave)

66
Q

How does the arch of our foot make it more efficient?

A

Stores energy when weight is beared and foot flattens

Releases energy when foot comes off of floor

67
Q

What bone is the only one to connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

A

Clavicle

68
Q

What ligaments rupture during an acromioclavicular joint dislocation?

A 
Acromioclavicular ligament 
(rupture of this alone does not displace clavicle)

Coracoclavicular ligaments

69
Q

What is the origini and insertion of the Trapezius muscle?

A

Origin: Spinous processes (C1→ T12)
Insertions: Occiput and spine of scapula

70
Q

What nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

A

CN XI - Spinal accessory nerve

71
Q

What is the function of the trapezius muscle?

A

Elevates and depresses scapula

Retracts scapula

72
Q

What types of arthritis can be found in the glenohumeral joint?

A

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

73
Q

Why is the shoulder joint more likely to dislocate than the hip, even though both are ball and socket joints?

A

Glenohumeral joint = shallower

=> greater range of movement but more unstable

74
Q

What is the clinical term for frozen shoulder?

A

adhesive capsulitis

75
Q

What is the purpose of the labrum in the glenohumeral joint?

A

Increases capture of the humeral head

=> ↑ STABILITY

76
Q

What type of labral tear occurs at the origin of the long head of biceps brachii?

A

SLAP tears

at supraglenoid tubercle

77
Q

Where do BANKART labral tears usually occur?

A

Inferior anterior labrum

usually from anterior movement of humerus pulling on labrum

78
Q

Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles

A

Suprpaspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

79
Q

What is the origin and insertion of supraspinatus?

A

Origin: Supraspinous fossa

Insertion: Greater tuberosity of humerus

80
Q

What nerve innervates supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve (C5 / C6)

81
Q

What is the function of the supraspinatus muscle?

A 
Abducts arm 
(first 15 degrees until deltoid takes over)
82
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

Origin: Infraspinous fossa

Insertion: Greater tuberosity of humerus

83
Q

What nerve innervates the infraspinatus muscle?

A

Suprascapular nerve (C5 / C6)

84
Q

What is the main function of the infraspinatus muscle?

A

Externally rotates the arm

85
Q

What is the origin and insertion of Teres Minor?

A

Origin: Dorsal surface of lateral border of scapula

Insertion: Greater tuberosity of humerus

86
Q

What nerve innervates the Teres Minor?

A

Axillary nerve (C5 / C6)

87
Q

What is the main function of Teres Minor?

A

Externally rotates the arm

88
Q

What is the origin and insertion of subscapularis?

A

Origin: Anterior surface of scapula (Subscapular fossa)

Insertion: Lesser tuberosity of humerus / shoulder capsule

89
Q

What nerve innervates Subscapularis?

A

Upper & Lower subscapular nerve (C5 / C6)

90
Q

What is the function of the subscapularis?

A

Internally rotates the arm

91
Q

What area of the rotator cuff muscles is most susceptible to tears and impingement?

A

common insertion of the first three muscles:

=> greater tuberosity of the humerus

92
Q

Where do the three sections of the deltoid muscle originate from?

A

Clavicle
Acromion
Spine of scapula

93
Q

What is the insertion of the deltoid muscle?

A

Deltoid tuberosity on lateral aspect of humerus

94
Q

What nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?

A

Axillary nerve (C5 / C6)

95
Q

What is the main function of the deltoid muscle?

A

Abducts the arm

Takes over after the first 15 degrees from supraspinatus

96
Q

Where do the long and short heads of the biceps brachii originate from?

A

SHORT head: Coracoid process

LONG head: Supraglenoid tubercle

97
Q

Where does the tendon of biceps brachii insert?

A

Radial tuberosity

98
Q

What nerve innervates the biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve (C5 / C6)

99
Q

What are the main functions of the biceps brachii?

A 
Supination of forearm
Flexes elbow (most of this is done by Brachialis)
100
Q

Where anatomically does tendonitis usually occur in the biceps tendon?

A

As it passes through bicipital groove and over the head of the humerus

101
Q

What arthritis most commonly occurs in the elbow?

A

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

102
Q

Where in the elbow joint is commonly fractured?

A

Olecranon

103
Q

What type of fracture at the elbow joint is more common in children?

A

supracondylar fractures

104
Q

“students elbow” is the inflammation of what structure?

A

Olecranon bursa

105
Q

What are the main ligaments which surround the elbow joint?

A

Medial (anterior and posterior parts)
Lateral
Annular (over radius)

106
Q

Where do all of the forearm extensor muscles originate?

A

Lateral epicondyle

107
Q

What is the common origin of all the forearm flexor muscles?

A

Medial epicondyle

108
Q

The Radial head is found at the wrist joint. TRUE/FALSE

A

FALSE
it is found at the elbow joint

the radial styloid is found at the wrist joint

109
Q

What shape do distal radius fractures usually make?

A

Dinner fork appearance

110
Q

Where can a scaphoid fracture be palpated?

A

Anatomical snuff box

111
Q

Where are the intrinsic muscles of the hand located and what is their function?

A

located within the hand

responsible for the fine motor functions of the hand

112
Q

Where are the extrinsic muscles of the hand located and what is their function?

A

located in the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm

control finger flexion and extension and movements of the wrist

113
Q

Name the 3 thenar muscles and their innervation

A

1) OPPONENS POLLICIS
2) FLEXOR POLLICIS BREVIS
3) ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS

Median nerve

114
Q

What is the main hypothenar muscle and its innervation?

A

ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI
moves little finger

Ulnar nerve

115
Q

What movement is carried out by the dorsal interossei muscles compared to the palmar interossei muscles?

A

Dorsal - ABduct (DAB)

Palmar - ADduct (PAD)

116
Q

How may lumbrical muscles do you have and what are they innervated by?

A

4 muscles

Lateral 2 = Median nerve
Medial 2 = Ulnar nerve

117
Q

What is the function of the flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Flexes fingers at PIP joints

118
Q

What muscle is responsible for flexing the fingers at the DIP joints

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

119
Q

What is the function of pulleys in the digits?

A

anchors tendon to fingers for more efficient movement

120
Q

What condition can result from hypertrophy and fibrosis of the palmar fascia?

A

Dupuytrens contracture

121
Q

Why is the ulnar artery more important than the radial artery?

A

It can supply both palmar arches

122
Q

Where on the hand should you test for median nerve sensation/ function?

A

Tip of index finger and base of thenar muscles

123
Q

Where on the hand should you test for radial nerve sensation/ function?

A

Dorsum of 1st webspace

124
Q

Where on the hand should you test for ulnar nerve sensation/ function?

A

Dorsum and volar aspects of little finger

125
Q

What nerve is affected in cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

ulnar nerve

at elbow joint

126
Q

What is compression of the median nerve more commonly known as?

A

Carpal Tunnel syndrome

Musculoskeletal (27 decks)

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