Clinical Anatomy

Question 1

Horner’s syndrome cause

Answer 1

damage to the cervical sympathetic trunk

Question 2

Horner’s syndrome features

Answer 2

• partial ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
• mitosis (pupillary constriction)
• lack of sweating on affecting side of face

Question 3

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

Answer 3

a collection of blood in the potential space between the dura matter and the skull

Question 4

what is the most common cause of an extradural haemorrhage?

Answer 4

a blow/fracture at the pterion
leading to rupture of the middle meningeal artery

Question 5

subdural haemorrhage cause

Answer 5

• cerebral veins deteriorate over time
• may rupture causing minimal trauma
• blood builds up between dura and arachnoid matter
• patients condition deteriorates over days or weeks and they begin to become confused

Question 6

subdural haemorrhage risk factors

Answer 6

elderly and alcoholics

Question 7

subarachnoid haemorrhage cause

Answer 7

• usually caused by defect in an artery on the underside of the brain

Question 8

Bells Palsy clinical features

Answer 8

unilateral paralysis of the face
no known cause

Question 9

Middle ear infections (Ottitis media) main cause

Answer 9

obstruction to the auditory tube

Question 10

what can chronic ear infections lead to?

Answer 10

damage to then ossicles causing conductive deafness

Question 11

clinical implications - lymphatic drainage

Answer 11

enlarged lymph nodes may indicate current or past pathology - or area of immune activity