Clinical Flashcards
Freud described countertransference as the analyst’s transference to the patient, which may interfere with the analyst’s functioning in therapy. More recently, psychoanalysts have begun to view countertransference as:
Select one:
A.
a detriment to the normal progression of therapy.
B.
a potential source of information about the client.
C.
an analyst’s distortion of the client’s behavior.
D.
an opportunity for the analyst to respond to the client in an authentic way.
The correct answer is B.
Psychoanalysts have broadened their view of countertransference over the past few decades. Most analysts now believe that countertransference reactions originate as much (or more) from the patient as from the analyst. Consequently, countertransference is now viewed as a potentially beneficial way to gain insight into the patient’s inner world (Gabbard, 1995; Langs, 1982).
Answer A: Modern analysts believe that countertransference can positively aid the progression of therapy rather than serving as a detriment to treatment.
Answer C: Freud viewed countertransference as the therapist’s distorted response to the client. However, modern analysts consider countertransference to be a potential source of information about the client that can be an important factor in the curative process.
Answer D: This is not the best answer. Answer B constitutes a more definitive distinction between a modern view and a traditional Freudian view of countertransference in therapy.
The correct answer is: a potential source of information about the client.
Researchers interested in evaluating the outcomes of psychotherapy distinguish between effectiveness and efficacy research. In contrast to effectiveness research, efficacy research:
Select one:
A.
has better internal validity but limited external validity.
B.
has limited internal validity but better external validity.
C.
has better internal and external validity.
D.
has limited internal and external validity.
The correct answer is A.
Efficacy studies are conducted in well-controlled conditions, often using a structured manualized session format. In contrast, effectiveness studies are conducted in real-world settings with less experimental control. Therefore, while efficacy studies are useful for determining whether a treatment has beneficial effects under controlled conditions, effectiveness studies are useful for determining if those effects generalize to other conditions. (Note that to identify the correct answer to this question, you not only have to be familiar with efficacy and effectiveness research, but also with internal and external validity, which are described in the Statistics and Research Design chapter of the written study materials.)
Answer B: A criticism of efficacy research is that because many of the crucial elements of what is actually done during the course of delivering psychotherapy are controlled, the results have good internal validity but limited external validity.
Answer C: Efficacy studies are deemed to have good internal validity but limited external validity.
Answer D: Efficacy studies are deemed to have good internal validity but limited external validity.
The correct answer is: has better internal validity but limited external validity.
The belief that a child’s misbehavior has one of four goals—i.e., attention, revenge, power, or to display inadequacy—is most consistent with:
Select one:
A.
Beck’s cognitive-behavioral therapy.
B.
Adler’s individual psychology.
C.
Perls’s Gestalt therapy.
D.
Mahler’s object relations theory
The correct answer is B.
Adler believed that all behaviors are goal-directed and purposeful. He further asserted that while misbehavior was intended to meet one of four goals, each goal ultimately was rooted in a desire to belong.
Answer A: This belief is not most consistent with to Beck’s theory.
Answer C: This belief is not most consistent with Perls’s theory.
Answer D: This belief is not most consistent with Mahler’s theory.
The correct answer is: Adler’s individual psychology.
Solution-focused therapists utilize all of the following interventions except:
Select one:
A.
the miracle question.
B.
the exception question.
C.
reflective questioning.
D.
scaling questions.
The correct answer is C.
In solution-focused therapy, the therapist acts as a consultant/collaborator who poses different types of questions designed to assist the client in recognizing and using their strengths and resources to achieve specific goals. However, “reflective questioning” is not part of this questioning. This is a made up term.
Answers A, B, and D: Solution-focused therapists utilize all of three of these interventions.
The correct answer is: reflective questioning.
For a Gestalt therapist, a primary goal of treatment is to help the client:
Select one:
A.
integrate the present with their past and future.
B.
integrate the various aspects of the self.
C.
develop a success identity.
D.
develop a healthy style of life.
The correct answer is B.
The primary goal of Gestalt therapy is to increase awareness and integration of all aspects of the self. This includes integrating one’s feelings, thoughts, and actions.
Answer A: In Gestalt therapy, the focus is on the present. The founder of Gestalt therapy, Fritz Perls, argued that “nothing exists but the now.”
Answer C: Developing a success identity is the goal of reality therapy.
Answer D: A focus on developing a healthy life is in alignment with Adlerian therapy.
The correct answer is: integrate the various aspects of the self.
Carl Jung believed that a client’s transference:
Select one:
A.
is a fantasy that distracts the client from reality.
B.
represents mixed feelings toward the therapist.
C.
is a form of “acting out.”
D.
reflects the client’s personal and collective unconscious.
The correct answer is D.
Jung viewed transference as the projection of both the personal and collective unconscious.
Answer A: Jung did not describe transference as a deviation from reality.
Answer B: Jung did not postulate that transference was rooted in ambiguous feelings toward the clinician.
Answer C: Acting out is a defense mechanism described in psychoanalytic theory.
The correct answer is: reflects the client’s personal and collective unconscious.
Replacing a “failure identity” with a “success identity” is a goal of treatment for practitioners of ____________ therapy.
Select one:
A.
Gestalt
B.
reality
C.
solution-focused
D.
Adlerian
The correct answer is B.
Glasser, the founder of reality therapy, viewed identity as a basic psychological need and distinguished between success and failure identities. A person develops a success identity when the person fulfills their needs in a responsible way.
Answer A: This is not a goal of Gestalt therapy.
Answer C: This is not a goal of solution-focused therapy.
Answer D: This is not a goal of Adlerian therapy.
The correct answer is: reality
People in which of the following stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model begin to question their rejection of all aspects of the dominant culture and absolute loyalty to their own culture?
Select one:
A.
Encounter
B.
Dissonance
C.
Integrative awareness
D.
Introspection
The correct answer is D.
The five stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model include conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. During the introspection stage, the individual begins to question the unequivocal position that they adopted during the previous resistance-immersion stage with regard to their own culture and the dominant culture.
Answer A: The encounter stage is the second stage in Cross’s Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model (1991).
Answer B: During the dissonance stage, the individual begins to question conformity to the dominant culture.
Answer C: During the integrative awareness stage, the person bases acceptance or rejection of aspects of the majority and minority cultures on an objective evaluation.
The correct answer is: Introspection
A family therapist using the structural approach of Salvador Minuchin would most likely:
Select one:
A.
clarify boundaries between family members in order to reduce enmeshment.
Correct
B.
work initially with the most differentiated family member.
C.
use a multiple-therapist team to prevent any one therapist from becoming “triangulated” into the family system.
D.
issue specific “directives” designed to counteract dysfunctional processes.
The correct answer is A.
As its name implies, structural family therapy focuses on altering the family’s structure in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. Even if you are unfamiliar with Minuchin, you may have been able to guess that structural therapy would be concerned with boundaries. Structural family therapists view family dysfunction as being related to boundaries that are too diffuse (enmeshed) or too rigid (disengaged).
Answer B: This is more characteristic of Bowen’s approach to family therapy.
Answer C: Minuchin’s approach does not involve the use of multiple-therapist teams.
Answer D: The issuance of directives is more characteristic of strategic family therapy than of structural family therapy.
The correct answer is: clarify boundaries between family members in order to reduce enmeshment.
According to Freud’s notion of ____________, dreams and slips of the tongue are meaningful goal-directed phenomena.
Select one:
A.
psychic dynamogenesis
B.
reciprocal determinism
C.
psychic determinism
D.
ptyalism
The correct answer is C.
Freud interpreted dreams, slips of the tongue, etc. as manifestations of unconscious material. According to Freud’s doctrine of psychic determinism, behaviors are caused by unconscious phenomena rather than true free will.
Answer A: Dynamogenesis is the principle that motor responses are proportional to sensory activities.
Answer B: Reciprocal determinism proposes that behavior, person, and situation interact and influence each other.
Answer D: Ptyalism refers to the excessive production of saliva, something Pavlov, not Freud, would be interested in.
The correct answer is: psychic determinism
The information that family members continuously exchange and that helps minimize deviation and maintain the family’s stability is referred to as ____________ feedback.
Select one:
A.
external
B.
internal
C.
negative
D.
positive
The correct answer is C.
In family systems theory, the information exchange between family members can act as either positive or negative feedback. Negative feedback helps the system return to or maintain its steady state. Thus, a “negative feedback loop” helps minimize deviation and thereby maintains the family’s stability.
Answer A: This term is not relevant to the question posed.
Answer B: This term is not relevant to the question posed.
Answer D: Positive feedback increases deviation from a steady state and, therefore, produces a change in the family’s functioning.
The correct answer is: negative
In Berry’s bidirectional acculturation model (1993), ____________ is characterized by low involvement in one’s own minority culture and in the majority culture.
Select one:
A.
moratorium
B.
alienation
C.
separation
D.
marginalization
The correct answer is D.
Berry (1993) distinguishes between two independent dimensions in his discussion of acculturation: involvement in one’s minority culture and involvement in the majority culture. Marginalization occurs when a member of a minority group is uninvolved in both cultures.
Answer A: Moratorium is not one of Berry’s four acculturation status categories.
Answer B: Alienation is not one of Berry’s four acculturation status categories.
Answer C: Berry asserts that separation involves withdrawal from the dominant culture and acceptance of one’s own culture.
The correct answer is: marginalization
Studies have shown that psychotherapy research participants in placebo control groups typically show:
Select one:
A.
greater improvement than those in no-treatment or wait-list control groups.
B.
less improvement than those in no-treatment or wait-list control groups.
C.
similar improvement to those in no-treatment or wait-list control groups.
D.
no improvement when compared to no-treatment or wait-list control groups.
The correct answer is A.
Studies have shown that placebo conditions have a substantial impact, with participants in placebo control groups typically showing greater improvement in symptoms than those in no-treatment or wait-list control groups. Lipsey and Wilson, for example, report an average effect size of .67 when treated participants are compared to no-treatment controls, but a smaller effect size of .48 when participants in the treatment group are compared to those in a placebo control group (1993).
Answer B: The opposite is true.
Answer C: Greater improvement is typically noted in psychotherapy research placebo control groups.
Answer D: Improvement is typically noted among psychotherapy research placebo control groups.
The correct answer is: greater improvement than those in no-treatment or wait-list control groups.
Asking the “miracle question” is an initial intervention in which type of therapy?
Select one:
A.
Transtheoretical
B.
Interpersonal
C.
REBT
D.
Solution-focused
The correct answer is D.
The “miracle question” is used to help clients identify solutions to their problems. As its name implies, solution-focused therapy focuses on identifying solutions to problems. The miracle question is one of the techniques used by solution-focused therapists to identify solutions and establish therapy goals. It involves asking the client how the client’s life would be if their problems were suddenly resolved.
Research on Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model suggests that a White therapist will usually be most successful when working with a client from an ethnic/racial minority group when the therapist is in which stage?
Select one:
A.
Reintegration
B.
Immersion-emersion
C.
Autonomy
D.
Integrative awareness
The correct answer is C.
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between six identity statuses (stages): contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy. For the exam, you’ll want to be familiar with the characteristics of each stage. A White therapist is likely to be most effective when working with a client from an ethnic/racial minority group when the therapist is in the final stage of Helm’s identity development—i.e., the autonomy stage. A person in this stage has internalized a positive (non-racist) White identity that includes an appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural similarities and differences.
Answers A, B, and D: A White therapist is likely to be most effective when working with a client from an ethnic/racial minority group when the therapist is in the final stage of White identity development.
The correct answer is: Autonomy
The primary goal of a newly developed community-based mental health program is to help people recently discharged from a psychiatric hospital adjust to life in the community. This is an example of:
Select one:
A.
primary prevention.
B.
secondary prevention.
C.
tertiary prevention.
D.
crisis intervention.
The correct answer is C.
Prevention programs are often described as primary, secondary, or tertiary, depending on their goals. You are likely to encounter a question or two on prevention on the exam. Tertiary preventions are designed to reduce the prevalence of mental disorders by reducing the duration or preventing the recurrence of mental disturbance.
Answer A: Primary preventions are designed to prevent the development of a mental disorder.
Answer B: Secondary preventions are designed to reduce the prevalence of mental disorders through early identification and intervention.
Answer D: Crisis interventions are designed to reduce the negative consequences of crises.
The correct answer is: tertiary prevention.
Culturally sensitive approaches to psychotherapy vary from traditional approaches in that these approaches attempt to understand a client’s experience of an illness within the client’s cultural context. Thus, culturally sensitive approaches are rooted in an ____________ perspective.
Select one:
A.
emic
B.
etic
C.
emetic
D.
endogenous
The correct answer is A.
The terms “emic” and “etic” were originally used by linguistic anthropologists but are now also used by psychologists interested in cross-cultural psychotherapy. Culturally sensitive therapies emphasize an emic, or “view from the inside,” approach.
Answer B: Traditional psychotherapies reflect an etic, or “view from the outside,” approach.
Answer C: The term emetic is a medical term that is not associated with any cultural theory.
Answer D: Endogenous means “originating within.”
The correct answer is: emic
Margaret Mahler proposed that the development of a sense of self is related to:
Select one:
A.
separation-individuation.
B.
projective identification.
C.
pseudomutuality.
D.
assimilation-accommodation.
The correct answer is A.
Mahler’s theory of early development focuses on the processes that contribute to the development of a sense of identity. Separation-individuation is triggered by the child’s ability to separate from their primary caregiver. It begins at about 4 to 5 months of age when a child who is being held by their caregiver is able to lean away to scan the environment.
Answer B: Melanie Klein used the term “projective identification” to refer to projecting disliked or undesirable aspects of the internal object (self) onto an external object (caregiver).
Answer C: Pseudomutuality describes a relationship between family members that appears to be healthy (is open and mutually empathic) but is not.
Answer D: Assimilation and accommodation are terms used by Piaget to describe the modification and development of cognitive schemas.
The correct answer is: separation-individuation.
Carl Jung believed that a client’s transference:
Select one:
A.
is a fantasy that distracts the client from reality.
B.
represents mixed feelings toward the therapist.
C.
is a form of “acting out.”
D.
reflects the client’s personal and collective unconscious.
The correct answer is D.
Jung viewed transference as the projection of both the personal and collective unconscious.
Answer A: Jung did not describe transference as a deviation from reality.
Answer B: Jung did not postulate that transference was rooted in ambiguous feelings toward the clinician.
Answer C: Acting out is a defense mechanism described in psychoanalytic theory.
The correct answer is: reflects the client’s personal and collective unconscious.
Smith, Glass, and Miller’s meta-analysis of the psychotherapy outcome research (1980) found that people receiving therapy are “better off” than about _____% of people who need treatment but do not receive it.
Select one:
A.
45
B.
55
C.
80
D.
95
The correct answer is C.
Smith, Glass, and Miller report an average effect size of .85 for 475 controlled studies of psychotherapy (1980). This means that the mean outcome score of people who receive treatment is higher than the mean outcome score of about 80% of people who need treatment but do not receive it. For the exam, you want to be familiar with the results of the Smith et al. meta-analysis as well as understand what meta-analysis is used for and be able to interpret an effect size. These are described in the Clinical Psychology chapter of the written study materials.
Answers A, B, and D: The correct answer is 80%.
The correct answer is: 80
According to Howard et al.’s phase model (1996), which of the following is most likely to be affected during the first few sessions of psychotherapy?
Select one:
A.
Coping skills
B.
Severity of symptoms
C.
Maladaptive behaviors
D.
Feelings of hopelessness
The correct answer is D.
Howard et al.’s (1996) phase model predicts that the effects of therapy vary depending on the number of sessions. The characteristics of the three phases of the model include remoralization, remediation, and rehabilitation. Remoralization occurs during the first few therapy sessions and is characterized by a decline in feelings of hopelessness (K. Howard et al., “Evaluation of psychotherapy: Efficacy, effectiveness, and patient progress,” American Psychologist, 51, 1059-1064, 1996).
Answer A: The second phase, remediation, involves a focus on strengthening coping skills.
Answer B: Reducing symptom severity is a longer-term goal that typically does not occur within the first few sessions.
Answer C: The final phase, rehabilitation, focuses on unlearning maladaptive behaviors.
The correct answer is: Feelings of hopelessness
In client-centered case consultation, the consultant’s primary goal is to:
Select one:
A.
help the consultee determine how to work more effectively with a particular client.
B.
help the consultee identify methods for evaluating their own professional services.
C.
help a consultee enhance their skills and knowledge so that the consultee functions more effectively in the future.
D.
work collaboratively with the consultee to jointly deliver an appropriate intervention to a client.
The correct answer is A.
Gerald Caplan (1970) distinguishes between four types of mental health consultation: client-centered case consultation, consultee-centered case consultation, program-centered administrative consultation, and consultee-centered administrative consultation. Client-centered case consultation focuses on a particular client. In this type of consultation, the consultant collects information about the client and makes recommendations to the consultee about the best course of action.
Answer B: This does not accurately describe the primary goal of client-centered case consultation.
Answer C: This describes consultee-centered case consultation.
Answer D: This describes collaboration rather than consultation.
The correct answer is: help the consultee determine how to work more effectively with a particular client.
In comparing Asian and Asian-American therapy clients to European American clients, researchers frequently point out that the former:
Select one:
A.
tend to prefer a less directive therapeutic approach.
B.
are grounded more in the here-and-now than in the past or the future.
C.
respond better when goal-setting is delayed.
D.
are more likely to express emotional problems as somatic symptoms.
The correct answer is D.
It is vitally important that clinicians do not make overgeneralizations about members of any particular group and that they maintain awareness of the literature on cross-cultural psychotherapy, which provides some general conclusions about clients belonging to different ethnic/cultural groups. Researchers have suggested that people from Asian cultures ordinarily view the mind and body as inseparable and, as a result, often express mental health problems as somatic complaints such as headaches, fatigue, or sleep problems.
Answer A: This is the opposite of what researchers have found to be true.
Answer B: Researchers have generally found that individuals from Asian cultures often place importance on the relationship of the past to the present.
Answer C: Researchers suggest that it is usually best to identify goals early in therapy (even during the first session) when working with Asian clients.
The correct answer is: are more likely to express emotional problems as somatic symptoms.
From the perspective of feminist therapy, therapist self-disclosure is:
Select one:
A.
contraindicated because it puts the client in a passive role.
B.
necessary during the early stages of therapy to encourage the client’s participation.
C.
a means of fostering a special bond between the client and the therapist.
D.
useful for promoting an egalitarian relationship between the therapist and client.
The correct answer is D.
A key characteristic of feminist therapy is its emphasis on an egalitarian relationship, and sharing one’s life experiences with a client is viewed as one way of promoting balance.
Answer A: Promoting client passivity is discouraged in feminist therapy, but appropriate therapist self-disclosure is not considered a contributor to passivity.
Answer B: This describes one use of self-disclosure; however, in feminist therapy, self-disclosure is not described as necessary.
Answer C: Feminist therapists generally discourage developing a “special bond” because doing so can foster the client’s dependence on the therapist.
The correct answer is: useful for promoting an egalitarian relationship between the therapist and client.
The first stage in Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model (2001) is:
Select one:
A.
conformity.
B.
incorporation.
C.
contact.
D.
pre-encounter.
The correct answer is D.
The most recent version of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between four stages: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization. Cross’s model is based on the premise that African American identity development is directly linked to racial oppression. During the initial pre-encounter stage, race has low salience.
Answer A: Conformity is the first stage of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model.
Answer B: Incorporation is not one of Cross’s stages.
Answer C: Contact is the first stage of Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model.
The correct answer is: pre-encounter.
Replacing a “failure identity” with a “success identity” is a goal of treatment for practitioners of ____________ therapy.
Select one:
A.
Gestalt
B.
reality
C.
solution-focused
D.
Adlerian
The correct answer is B.
Glasser, the founder of reality therapy, viewed identity as a basic psychological need and distinguished between success and failure identities. A person develops a success identity when the person fulfills their needs in a responsible way.
Answer A: This is not a goal of Gestalt therapy.
Answer C: This is not a goal of solution-focused therapy.
Answer D: This is not a goal of Adlerian therapy.
The correct answer is: reality
Prochaska and DiClemente’s stages of change (transtheoretical) model (1982) predicts that a person in the ____________ stage plans to take action within the next six months that will alter their problematic behavior.
Select one:
A.
action
B.
contemplation
C.
preparation
D.
precontemplation
The correct answer is B.
The six stages of Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical stages of change model include precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. A person in the contemplation stage has not committed to change but intends to take action within the next six months.
Answer A: A person in the action stage is currently taking actions to alter their behavior.
Answer C: A person in the preparation stage is planning to take action in the near future. This is usually defined as in the next month.
Answer D: A person in the precontemplation stage is not planning to change in the foreseeable future.
The correct answer is: contemplation
People in which of the following stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (1993) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model begin to question their rejection of all aspects of the dominant culture and absolute loyalty to their own culture?
Select one:
A.
Encounter
B.
Dissonance
C.
Integrative awareness
D.
Introspection
The correct answer is D.
The five stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model include conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness. During the introspection stage, the individual begins to question the unequivocal position that they adopted during the previous resistance-immersion stage with regard to their own culture and the dominant culture.
Answer A: The encounter stage is the second stage in Cross’s Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model (1991).
Answer B: During the dissonance stage, the individual begins to question conformity to the dominant culture.
Answer C: During the integrative awareness stage, the person bases acceptance or rejection of aspects of the majority and minority cultures on an objective evaluation.
The correct answer is: Introspection
A family therapist using the structural approach of Salvador Minuchin would most likely:
Select one:
A.
clarify boundaries between family members in order to reduce enmeshment.
B.
work initially with the most differentiated family member.
C.
use a multiple-therapist team to prevent any one therapist from becoming “triangulated” into the family system.
D.
issue specific “directives” designed to counteract dysfunctional processes.
The correct answer is A.
As its name implies, structural family therapy focuses on altering the family’s structure in order to change the behavior patterns of family members. Even if you are unfamiliar with Minuchin, you may have been able to guess that structural therapy would be concerned with boundaries. Structural family therapists view family dysfunction as being related to boundaries that are too diffuse (enmeshed) or too rigid (disengaged).
Answer B: This is more characteristic of Bowen’s approach to family therapy.
Answer C: Minuchin’s approach does not involve the use of multiple-therapist teams.
Answer D: The issuance of directives is more characteristic of strategic family therapy than of structural family therapy.
The correct answer is: clarify boundaries between family members in order to reduce enmeshment.
According to Irvin Yalom, ____________ in group therapy is the analogue of the therapist–client relationship in individual therapy.
Select one:
A.
universality
B.
identification
C.
cohesiveness
D.
alliance
The correct answer is C.
Yalom uses the term cohesiveness to refer to the various relationships that occur in a group. This includes the relationships between group members, between each member and the therapist, and between each member and the group itself. For Yalom, cohesiveness is the primary mode of change in group therapy, with highly cohesive groups having better outcomes. Cohesiveness in group therapy is thus comparable to the quality of the therapeutic alliance in individual therapy.
Answer A: The concept of universality relates to clients’ connected pain.
Answer B: Identification is not one of Yalom’s 11 therapeutic factors.
Answer D: Alliance is not one of Yalom’s 11 therapeutic factors.
The correct answer is: cohesiveness
According to Freud’s notion of ____________, dreams and slips of the tongue are meaningful goal-directed phenomena.
Select one:
A.
psychic dynamogenesis
B.
reciprocal determinism
C.
psychic determinism
D.
ptyalism
The correct answer is C.
Freud interpreted dreams, slips of the tongue, etc. as manifestations of unconscious material. According to Freud’s doctrine of psychic determinism, behaviors are caused by unconscious phenomena rather than true free will.
Answer A: Dynamogenesis is the principle that motor responses are proportional to sensory activities.
Answer B: Reciprocal determinism proposes that behavior, person, and situation interact and influence each other.
Answer D: Ptyalism refers to the excessive production of saliva, something Pavlov, not Freud, would be interested in.
The correct answer is: psychic determinism
The information that family members continuously exchange and that helps minimize deviation and maintain the family’s stability is referred to as ____________ feedback.
Select one:
A.
external
B.
internal
C.
negative
D.
positive
The correct answer is C.
In family systems theory, the information exchange between family members can act as either positive or negative feedback. Negative feedback helps the system return to or maintain its steady state. Thus, a “negative feedback loop” helps minimize deviation and thereby maintains the family’s stability.
Answer A: This term is not relevant to the question posed.
Answer B: This term is not relevant to the question posed.
Answer D: Positive feedback increases deviation from a steady state and, therefore, produces a change in the family’s functioning.
The correct answer is: negative
According to research when working with a Black family, it is important to keep in mind that:
Select one:
A.
Black families are predominantly matriarchal.
B.
Black husbands are usually less tolerant of the career efforts of their wives than White husbands are.
C.
Black familial roles may be more flexible than White familial roles.
D.
Black wives are more willing than White wives to let their husbands make domestic decisions.
The correct answer is C.
Historically, researchers (Billingsley, 1969; Boyd-Franklin, 1989; Paniagua, 1994; Sue & Sue, 2003) have found that Black families are generally less likely to follow traditional White family sex-role stereotypes in comparison to Whites.
Answer A: Researchers have indicated that the power structure of Black families is not substantially different from that found in many White families.
Answer B: This statement is not supported by research regarding Black familial roles.
Answer D: A number of investigators have pointed out that Black and White husbands generally exercise the same degree of decision-making power within the family.
The correct answer is: Black familial roles may be more flexible than White familial roles.
In the context of structural family therapy, the purpose of “reframing” is to:
Select one:
A.
diffuse blame.
B.
relabel behaviors.
C.
increase specificity.
D.
anchor behaviors.
The correct answer is B.
Even if you’ve never heard of “reframing,” you probably could have guessed that its purpose is to redefine the situation. Specifically, reframing is done in order to help a client see things from a different perspective. It is often used in a paradoxical way—e.g., telling an adolescent that “your parents’ nagging is a sign of their love for you.”
Answer A: Reframing will not necessarily lead to diffusion of blame.
Answer C: Increasing specificity is not the goal of reframing.
Answer D: Reframing does involve redefining behaviors, but it does not involve anchoring behaviors.
The correct answer is: relabel behaviors.
for an object relations theorist interjection refers to
a- an alliance between two people against a third person
b- integrating aspects of the conscious and unconscious into the self
c- projecting ones own characteristics onto the object
d- assimilating aspects of an object into the self
d- is the correct answer
a child’s internalized images of the mother or other object of the self interacting with the object and the emotions associated with the object
a- describes a coalition a term used in structural family therapy
b- describes Jungs process of individuation
c- describes projection not interjection
A Freudian psychoanalyst is most likely to describe ___________ as explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes.
Select one:
A.
interpretation
B.
clarification
C.
confrontation
D.
working through
The correct answer is A.
Freudian psychoanalysis consists of a combination of confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through. The goal of interpretation is to explicitly connect the client’s current behavior to unconscious processes and is most effective when it addresses motives and conflicts close to the client’s consciousness.
Answer B: Clarification involves clarifying the client’s feelings by restating his/her remarks in clearer terms.
Answer C: Confrontation involves making statements that help the client see his/her behavior in a new way.
Answer D: Working through is the final stage of psychoanalysis and allows the client to gradually incorporate new insights into his/her personality.
As described by Alfred Adler, a healthy style of life is characterized by:
Select one:
A.
congruence between self and experience.
B.
awareness of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and-now.
C.
confidence, optimism, and concern about the welfare of others.
D.
integration of conscious and unconscious elements of the psyche.
The correct answer is C.
Style of life is a key concept in Adler’s individual psychology. Adler distinguished between a healthy and an unhealthy style of life and proposed that social interest is the factor that distinguishes between the two. A person with a healthy style of life is concerned about the welfare of others.
Answer A: This is a Rogerian concept.
Answer B: This is the Gestalt definition of awareness.
Answer D: This is Jung’s definition of individuation.
