Abnormal Flashcards
According to the catecholamine hypothesis:
Select one:
a.
mania is due to a deficiency in norepinephrine.
b.
depression is due to a deficiency in norepinephrine.
c.
mania is due to excessive acetylcholine.
d.
depression is due to excessive acetylcholine.
Answer B is correct: According to the catecholamine hypothesis, at least some types of depression are due to a lower-than-normal level of norepinephrine.
Answer A is incorrect: The catecholamine hypothesis predicts that mania is due to excessive norepinephrine.
The correct answer is: depression is due to a deficiency in norepinephrine.
A DSM-5 diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder requires the presence of one or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or cause significant disruption in daily life plus:
Select one:
a.
evidence that symptoms are not associated with a known medical condition.
b.
performance of excessive health-related behaviors or maladaptive avoidance of medical care.
c.
evidence that symptoms are not being feigned or voluntarily produced.
d.
excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms.
Answer D is correct: Criterion B for the DSM-5 diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder requires the presence of “excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns” (APA, 2013, p. 311).
Answer A is incorrect: For the diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder, symptoms may or may not be associated with a medical condition.
Answer B is inccorect: Performance of excessive health-related behaviors or maladaptive avoidance of medical care is a diagnostic criterion for Illness Anxiety Disorder.
Answer C is incorrect: Evidence that symptoms are not being intentionally produced or feigned is not required for a DSM-5 diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder.
The correct answer is: excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms.
Children with Tourette’s Disorder frequently exhibit significant problems in learning. This is most likely attributable to:
Select one:
a.
language disabilities.
b.
attention deficits and hyperactivity.
c.
lower-than-average IQ.
d.
peer and other social problems.
Answer B is correct: Hyperactivity, distractibility, and impulsivity are fairly common in individuals with Tourette’s Disorder and have been identified as a cause of school problems.
Answer A: Language disabilities are not associated with Tourette’s Disorder.
Answer C: A lower-than-average IQ is not characteristic of Tourette’s Disorder.
Answer D: Although impairments in social functioning are common, they have not been identified as a cause of academic failures.
The correct answer is: attention deficits and hyperactivity.
Drugs that interfere with the breakdown of __________ are used to treat memory loss and other cognitive problems in individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.
Select one:
a.
norepinephrine
b.
cortisol
c.
acetylcholine
d.
dopamine
Answer C is correct: Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, galantamine, tacrine) are used to temporarily improve or slow the progression of memory loss and other cognitive impairments during the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. These drugs prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, which is important for learning, memory, and other cognitive functions.
The correct answer is: acetylcholine
Interoceptive conditioning is one of the components of the cognitive-behavioral treatment of Panic Disorder and may include which of the following strategies?
Select one:
a.
yelling ‚”stop” whenever an undesirable thought occurs
b.
maintaining a “panic diary”
c.
focusing on a pleasant experience or fantasy
d.
breathing through a thin straw
Answer D is correct: Interoceptive conditioning has been identified as an effective component of cognitive-behavioral therapy for Panic Disorder and involves having the individual engage in activities that produce physical sensations associated with a panic attack such as breathing through a thin straw, spinning in a swivel chair, and running in place.
The correct answer is: breathing through a thin straw
Research has linked Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder to overactivity in which of the following?
Select one:
a.
caudate nucleus
b.
hippocampus
c.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
d.
medulla oblongata
Answer A is correct: Research using brain imaging techniques has found that the caudate nucleus (which is involved in the initiation and control of movement) tends to be overactive in individuals with OCD. The studies have also found that the reduction of obsessions and compulsions following treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy or an SSRI is accompanied by a decrease in activity in the caudate nucleus.
The correct answer is: caudate nucleus
The differential diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (pseudodementia) and mild Neurocognitive Disorder in older adults can be difficult because of the overlap in cognitive symptoms. However, the presence of which of the following suggests that Major Depressive Disorder is the appropriate diagnosis?
Select one:
a.
The onset of the patient’s cognitive symptoms was insidious.
b.
The severity of the patient’s cognitive symptoms increases in the evening.
c.
The patient seems unaware of his or her cognitive deficits.
d.
The patient is uncooperative during cognitive testing.
Answer D is correct: A lack of cooperation during testing is more characteristic of patients with depression than of those with a Neurocognitive Disorder who tend to be cooperative but inaccurate in their responses.
Answer A is incorrect: In Major Depressive Disorder, symptom onset is usually sudden; but, in mild Neurocognitive Disorder, it is typically insidious (gradual and subtle).
Answer B is incorrect: Increased severity of symptoms in the evening is characteristic of some forms of Neurocognitive Disorder but is uncommon in Major Depressive Disorder.
Answer C is incorrect: A patient with Major Depressive Disorder is likely to complain about and exaggerate his/her cognitive problems, while a patient with a Neurocognitive Disorder often denies problems in the early stage of the disorder and is unaware of them in the later stages.
The correct answer is: The patient is uncooperative during cognitive testing.
The symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder are categorized in three groups in the DSM-5. These groups are:
Select one:
a.
destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules.
b.
negativistic, defiant, and hostile behavior.
c.
deceitfulness/dishonesty, irritability/aggressiveness, and failure to conform to social norms.
d.
angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.
Answer D is correct: Angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness are the three categories of symptoms included in the DSM-5 for Oppositional Defiant Disorder.
Answer A is incorrect: These are three of the four categories of symptoms included in the DSM-5 for Conduct Disorder (the fourth is aggression to people and animals).
The correct answer is: angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.
