Clin med Diabetes Flashcards
the pancreas is both an exocrine gland that produces ___and endocrine gland that produces ___
endocrine- peptide hormones : insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin
exocrine -produces digestive enzymes
the peptide hormones are secreted from cells located in the ____
islet of Langerhans (beta cells-insulin; alpha cells- glucagon; delta cells-somatostatin)
diabetes is a group of syndromes characterized by an elevation of ___caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in ___
blood glucose
insulin
what are the 4 clinical classifications of diabetes recognized by the ADA
type 1 (insulin dependant DM); type II (non insulin dependant DM; gestational diabetes; diabetes due to other causes (genetic defects, meds)
what 2 drugs are reasonably safe alternatives to insulin therapy for gestational diabetes
metformin, glyburide
as a result of Beta cell destruction, the pancreas fails to respond to glucose , and the type I diabetic shows classic symptoms of____
polydypsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polyuria, wt loss
if a type 1 diabetic does not receive exogenous insulin what can happen
a catabolic state characterized by hyperglycemia and life threatening ketoacidosis
T/F in a normal postabsorbtive period, low basal lvls of circulating insulin are maintained through Beta cell secretion
True
what processes does Beta cell secretion of insulin supress
lipolysis, proteolysis, and glycogenolysis
T/F the development of nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy are related to poor glycemic control
true
what is HbA1c
glycosylated hemoglobin; the rate of formation is proportional to the average blood glucose concentration over the previous 3mo
other than autoimmune processes and viruses what mostly influences peripheral insulin resistance
genetic factors, obesity, aging
because insulin undergoes significant hepatic extraction, circulating plasma insulin may not accurately reflect insulin production- what is a better index
circulating C-peptide provides a better index of insulin lvls
what other than blood glucose lvls regulates insulin secretion
certain amino acids, hormones, autonomic mediators
what factors can affect the the duration of action of various insulin preparations
dose, site of inj, blood supply, temperature and physical activity