Clin med Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

the pancreas is both an exocrine gland that produces ___and endocrine gland that produces ___

A

endocrine- peptide hormones : insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin
exocrine -produces digestive enzymes

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2
Q

the peptide hormones are secreted from cells located in the ____

A

islet of Langerhans (beta cells-insulin; alpha cells- glucagon; delta cells-somatostatin)

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3
Q

diabetes is a group of syndromes characterized by an elevation of ___caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in ___

A

blood glucose

insulin

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4
Q

what are the 4 clinical classifications of diabetes recognized by the ADA

A

type 1 (insulin dependant DM); type II (non insulin dependant DM; gestational diabetes; diabetes due to other causes (genetic defects, meds)

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5
Q

what 2 drugs are reasonably safe alternatives to insulin therapy for gestational diabetes

A

metformin, glyburide

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6
Q

as a result of Beta cell destruction, the pancreas fails to respond to glucose , and the type I diabetic shows classic symptoms of____

A

polydypsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polyuria, wt loss

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7
Q

if a type 1 diabetic does not receive exogenous insulin what can happen

A

a catabolic state characterized by hyperglycemia and life threatening ketoacidosis

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8
Q

T/F in a normal postabsorbtive period, low basal lvls of circulating insulin are maintained through Beta cell secretion

A

True

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9
Q

what processes does Beta cell secretion of insulin supress

A

lipolysis, proteolysis, and glycogenolysis

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10
Q

T/F the development of nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy are related to poor glycemic control

A

true

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11
Q

what is HbA1c

A

glycosylated hemoglobin; the rate of formation is proportional to the average blood glucose concentration over the previous 3mo

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12
Q

other than autoimmune processes and viruses what mostly influences peripheral insulin resistance

A

genetic factors, obesity, aging

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13
Q

because insulin undergoes significant hepatic extraction, circulating plasma insulin may not accurately reflect insulin production- what is a better index

A

circulating C-peptide provides a better index of insulin lvls

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14
Q

what other than blood glucose lvls regulates insulin secretion

A

certain amino acids, hormones, autonomic mediators

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15
Q

what factors can affect the the duration of action of various insulin preparations

A

dose, site of inj, blood supply, temperature and physical activity

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16
Q

what are some ADE to excessive insulin or hypoglycemia

A

HA, anxiety, tachycardia, confusion, vertigo, diaphoresis, lipodystrophy, hypersensitivity

17
Q

what is normal mean blood glucose; ADA target mean for pt c/ diabetes

A

<7%