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Track Spec > Climate > Flashcards

Climate Flashcards

1
Q

The Earth’s atmosphere

A

air

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2
Q

Mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (<1%) and other gases - carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, etc.

A

air

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3
Q

Absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation

A

Ozone

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4
Q

Plays an important role in sustaining plant life. Too much of this gas does not allow the Earth to cool down

A

Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Atmosphere divided into four regions

A

Troposphere (closest to the surface), Stratosphere (starts at an altitude of 20 kilometers), Mesosphere, Thermosphere

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6
Q

Shapes weather; air temperature decreases with altitude

A

Troposphere

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7
Q

Air temperature increases with altitude because ozone absorbs UV radiation

A

Stratosphere

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8
Q

Stratosphere starts at an altitude of _______

A

20 kilometers

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9
Q

Air temperature decreases with altitude as it contains a small amount of ozone

A

Mesosphere

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10
Q

Air temperature increases with altitude because oxygen molecules absorb solar radiation

A

Thermosphere

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11
Q

atmospheric conditions for period of hours or days

A

Weather

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12
Q

average weather conditions over a long period of time

A

climate

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13
Q

Gases that cause the gradual warming of the Earth’s atmosphere

A

Greenhouse gases

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14
Q

80% of human-generated greenhouse gas emissions

A

Carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Examples of greenhouse gases

A

Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

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16
Q

The annual world total carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of energy

A

86% increase (1980–2018)

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17
Q

______ led the world in CO2 emission

A

China

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18
Q

_____ leads the world in CO2 emissions per capita

A

US

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19
Q

has one of the most stringent outdoor air quality standards

A

US

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20
Q

Stationary sources of outdoor air pollution

A

power plants, factories, and dry cleaners

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21
Q

Mobile sources of outdoor air pollution

A

cars, buses, trucks, planes, and trains

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22
Q

Natural sources of outdoor air pollution

A

windblown dust, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires

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23
Q

Sets standards for six major pollutants

A

Clean Air Act and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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24
Q

6 major air pollutants

A

Carbon monoxide (CO)
Lead (Pb)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Ozone (O3)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Particulate matter (PM)

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25
Q

Colorless gas with a strong odor released when fossil fuels are burned.

A

Sulfur dioxide

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26
Q

A mixture of organic and inorganic solid and liquid particles that are suspended in air

A

Particulate matter

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27
Q

Components of PM

A

sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, carbon, and dust

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28
Q

particles with diameters < 10 microns
particles with diameters < 2.5 micron

A

PM10, PM2.5

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29
Q

global concern that can affect not only our health but also our climate.

A

Air pollution

30
Q

global concern that can affect not only our health but also our climate.

A

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

31
Q

Health issues by poor IAQ

A

Headache, fatigue, and shortness of breath
Sinus congestion, coughing, and sneezing
Eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation
Dizziness and nausea

32
Q

Factors that influence IAQ

A

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system
Sources of indoor air pollutants
Occupants

33
Q

Additional reasons for recent exposure to indoor air pollutants

A

Air-tight houses with lower air infiltration/exfiltration
Synthetic building materials
Chemicals

34
Q

HVAC systems means

A

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems

35
Q

Purposes of HVAC systems

A

Provide thermal comfort
Heat, cool, humidify, or dehumidify the indoor air
Manage air-contaminants
Create an air flow pattern inside a building

36
Q

Methods to Manage Contaminants

A
  1. Source elimination or removal
  2. Source substitution
  3. Proper ventilation
  4. Exposure control
  5. Air cleaning
37
Q

global authority on health issues, including those related to air quality.

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

38
Q

Nearly _________ people a year die prematurely from illnesses attributed to air pollution.

A

7 million

39
Q

Nearly ______ premature deaths are attributed to indoor air pollution

A

2 million

40
Q

Energy use is _________ to standard of living

A

directly proportional

41
Q

Oil and natural gas will be fully depleted in ____ years, and coal in ______ years.

A

50, 300

42
Q

non-renewable as they are formed from the remains of microbes, plants, and animals that lived millions of
years ago

A

Fossil fuels

43
Q

When coal is burnt it produces

A

Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxide and mercury compounds

44
Q

Since coal contains impurities like S and N,
it produces toxic gases during burning
which causes

A

acid rain and air pollution

45
Q

made of many different compounds, each with its specific boiling point.

A

Oil

46
Q

found above the oil in oil well.

A

Natural gas

47
Q

Natural gas is the mixture of ______methane and small amount of other hydrocarbons.

A

50-90%

48
Q

uses uranium to create energy

A

Nuclear fission

49
Q

When these atoms break apart, the atoms’ nuclear energy is transformed into

A

thermal energy

50
Q

A small pellet of uranium-produces about as much energy as burning _______

A

570 L of oil

51
Q

a non-renewable resource because once uranium is used , it is gone

A

Nuclear Energy

52
Q

Fission of 1 kilogram of uranium releases more energy than does burning ______

A

3 million kg of coal.

53
Q

First Electricity Production

A

20 December, 1951 in Arco, Idaho, USA

54
Q

First Commercial Use of Nuclear Power plants

A

June 26, 1954 at Obninsk, Russia

55
Q

_________ nuclear power plant units in ___ countries produce electricity about ____ GW

A

442, 32, 384

56
Q

Under construction: ____ plants with a capacity of 65 GW are in 16 countries.

A

66

57
Q

one of the biggest causes of environmental damage on earth

A

The production and consumption of energy

58
Q

It leads to large amounts of destruction of natural landscapes and habitants through the

A

process of fuel extraction, pollution of soil,
climate change

59
Q

at the heart of many of the world’s current environmental problems, and posses many problems for the sustainable development

A

Energy

60
Q

has a pH of 1-5 compared to normal rain water

A

Acid rain

61
Q

Acid rain contains large proportion of acids such as

A

Sulfuric acid and nitric acid

62
Q

corrodes buildings, bridges, statues and other structures made of metal or stone

A

Acid rain

63
Q

kills plants and vegetation by damaging their roots, leading to deforestation in many parts of the world, like Canada and Europe.

A

Acid rain

64
Q

The Earth maintains a habitable temperature due to the ____________,
which allows heat from the sun to penetrate our atmosphere, where it is
absorbed by the Earth’s surface or radiated out and reflected back to Earth by
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

A

Greenhouse effect

65
Q

naturally occurring gases that pose no harm when they are in balance.

A

Greenhouse gases

66
Q

The most important greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and
water vapor

67
Q

According to the ____________ there are several indications
that provide evidence that humans are the cause of global warming rather than it
being due to natural variability

A

Union of Concerned Scientists

68
Q

Oceans have absorbed ____ times more heat than the atmosphere resulting in warmer oceans.

A

20

69
Q

Indicators that provide evidence that humans are the cause of global warming

A

Warming oceans, Atmosphere Boundary Shifts, Rising Surface Temperatures

70
Q

Average global temperatures have increased by ________ over the last century, with the most significant increases occurring in the last 30 years

A

0.8°C

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