Cliffnotes version of fucking Oncology (Urogenitcal and MCT) Flashcards by Meleah McMillen | Brainscape

Q

What is the most common of all the bladder tumors?

A

TCC: transitional cell carcinoma

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Q

What are the proposed etiologies for urogenital track tumors?

A

Topical insecticide and herbicide exposure (not insecticide alone)
ENV pollution (ROUND UP)
Obesity (overweigh females 28x more likey)
Cyclophosphamide adm. (Acrolein metabolite cystitis)
Female (more body fat to conc chemicals) DECREASED VOIDING FEMALES ALWAYS LEAVE A LITTLE URINE IN BLADDER

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Q

What breed is predisposed to urogenital tumors?

A

Scottish terriers (18x)

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Q

What is the most common location for UG track tumors and why?

A

Trigone of the bladder bc the bladder never full empties and residual urine pools at the level of the trigone therefore it has the most contact with herb/insecticide in the urine

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Q

What is the most common non neoplastic for UG tracT tumors?

A

Polypoid cystitis

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Q

What can we feed predisposed breeds to UG track tumors to decrease the risk?

A

veggies 3 x per week (carrots used in study)

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Q

56% of UG track tumors have concomitant _______ involvement

A

urethral

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Q

What new flea control product are safer and not asc with TCC?

A

Fipronil

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Q

What is the gold standard for dx of UG track tumors? Name the top 2 and considerations bout number 1

A

1. Cystoscopy with biopsy (GOLD STANDARD) but more invasive, it assesses respectability

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Q

Name the change the entire bladder is thought to go through and what happens?

A

“Field effect” the entire bladder lining is through to undergo malignant change in response to carcinogens in the urine

even with complete excision local recurrence can develop due to filed effect

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Q

ALL dogs with TCC should receive ______ if possible?

A

NSAID

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Q

Surgery treatment of choice for UG tract (non trigonal)

A

Surgery (non trigonal) with chemo for 2 years

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Q

What is the chemo pair used for someUG tract tumors?

A

Mitoxantrone with Prioxicam

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Q

What is the most common UG tumor in cats but note that its actually rare?

A

TCC

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Q

How do we often suspect UG tract tumors in terms of CS and palpation?

A

CS: hematuria, dysuria, PU, lameness if bone mets

Palpable mass in the bladder with a thickened urethra/iliac LN

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Q

What is the most common cutaneous tumor of the skin in dogs?

A

Mast cell tumors

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Q

Mast cell tumors are the _____ most common cutaneous tumor in cats

A

second

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Q

What is the most common cutaneous tumor in cats?

A

Basal cell tumor

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Q

Systemic form of mast cell tumors is called ________

A

mastocytosis

Q

What is the common presentation/signalment in dogs for mast cell tumors? Sex predilection? breeds? Age?

A

Mean age 8-9 years (outliers really young=3 weeks)

No sex predilection

The B’s (Boxer, bull terrior, bulldog, boston terriors)

Q

What’s the deal with Boxers and the B’s (brachycephalics?) with mast cell tumors?

A

They are predisposed but get lower grade/less aggressive variant so it’s manageable often when they get these

Q

Mast cell tumors are classically developing as a _____ mass seen often on the _____most commonly and also the _______. In dogs they are less frequently found on the ____/____ but in cats that is the most common location!

A

dermal, trunk, extremities, head/neck (pinnae/earbase)

Q

Think of mast cells as?

A

A normal circulation in our bodies for potentiating immune reactions or allergic, everywhere!

Q

Most mast cells are _____ but some 10-15% are seen in multiples. What about cats?

A

solitary (cats have more than one one usually(

Q

What are the 3 main causes of mast cell tumors to suddenly increase in size?

A

Histamine
Prostaglandins
Heparin proteoglycan

Q

MCT are composed of _____ granules with contain multiple vasoactive substances

A

cyctoplasmic

Q

MCT contain varios _____ factors for easinophillic and neutrophillic factors

A

chemotactic

Q

What can affect healing with MCT?

A

presence of proteolytic enzymes

Q

When MCT get suddenly larger overnight what sign is this referencing and what is that due to?

A

Darier’s sign

disturbance of MCT that can lead to degranulation of Mast cells with erythema, swelling, and if severe anaphylaxis and hypotension

Q

Why do we get an increase in gastric acid?

A

Histamine stimulates receptors on gastric parietal cells and you can in an increase in plasma histamine lEvels initially

Q

What is the malignancy rate for mammary gland tumors in the dog versus the cat

A

Dog 50:50 benign versus malignant

Cat 85-95% malignant carcinomas

Q

What are some risk factors with dogs for mammary gland tumors

A

Age: increases malignancy with agae

7-9 usually benign
9-11 usually malignant

Breed
-Purebred and smaller breeds more common

Hormonal exposure

OHE prior to 1st estrus 0.5% chance to develop mammary cancer
prior to 2nd 8%
prior to 3rd estrus 26%
no benefit of OHE over 4 years old
irreversible effects of ovarian hormones occur early in life

Bodyweight
-underweight is protective

Q

What are some risk factors with cats for mammary gland tumors

A

Age-malignancy increases age 7 and up

Breed (siamese often get it at a younger age)

Hormonal exposure
-intact queens 7x more likely higher risk of mammary cancer versus spayed

OHE:

before 6 months 91% reduction
7-12 months 86% reduction
13-24 month 11 % reduction

Progestin exposure
-3.4 times more likely than in those not treated with progestin

Q

Surgical treatment for dogs with mammary tumors single versus multiple mammmary tumors?

A

Single (wide enough surgical excision to completely remove the tumor
-< 0.5 cm single lumpectomy
If greater than or = to 1 an benign Mastectomy

Multiple-more extensive excisions depending on location

Regional mastectomy
Staged bilateral mastectomy

Q

Surgical treatment for cats with mammary tumors?

A

Single session: Bilateral RADICAL Mastectomy

-with excision of axillary and inguinal LB

Q

Regardless of dog or cat with mammary cancer what should also be performed with surgery

A

OHE when removing tumors

Q

83% of vaginal tumors are ____ and of ____ muscle orginal

A

benign; smooth

Q

How do we treat Leiomyoma vaginal tumor?

A

Complete surgical excision and OHE usually curative

Q

If spayed, what vaginal tumor should we be concerned about and how do we treat

A

Malignancies!!! Leiomyosarcoma; complete surgical excision and OHE if low grade

Q

What are some DDX for vaginal tumors

A

Lipoma
ACA
HSA
OSA
TVT
MCT relatively common on labia
TCC of urethra process through urethra papilla and present as vaginal mass

Q

90% of all cancers of the male reprod. tract are these types of tumors?

A

testicular

Q

Testicular tumors are often discovered incidentally with atrophy where?

A

atrophy of the non affected testicle

Q

What is the most common and second most common DDX for testicular tumors in males? State the cells affected for each and where they come from

A

Interstitial Cell Tumor (interstitial cells of leydig)

2. Seminoma (Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

Q

16X more risk of developing a _____ in the cryptorchid testicle compared to descended testicle in CO dogs

A

seminoma

Q

8X more risk of developing a _____ in the cryptorchid testicle compared to descended testicle in unilateral CO dogs

A

sertoli cell tumor

Q

Which testicular tumor (2 of which that are functional and dont usually produce hormones) is functional and 50% produce estrogen which often rsults in what?, which cells responsible

A

Sertoli cell tumor (sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules) results in feminization syndrome and pancytopenia

its the least common testicular tumor of the top 3 DDX

Q

True or False Insterstitial cell tumors are constant risk of metastesis?

A

False: Rarely metastesize