Cliffnotes version of fucking Oncology (Urogenitcal and MCT) Flashcards
What is the most common of all the bladder tumors?
TCC: transitional cell carcinoma
What are the proposed etiologies for urogenital track tumors?
- Topical insecticide and herbicide exposure (not insecticide alone)
- ENV pollution (ROUND UP)
- Obesity (overweigh females 28x more likey)
- Cyclophosphamide adm. (Acrolein metabolite cystitis)
- Female (more body fat to conc chemicals) DECREASED VOIDING FEMALES ALWAYS LEAVE A LITTLE URINE IN BLADDER
What breed is predisposed to urogenital tumors?
Scottish terriers (18x)
What is the most common location for UG track tumors and why?
Trigone of the bladder bc the bladder never full empties and residual urine pools at the level of the trigone therefore it has the most contact with herb/insecticide in the urine
What is the most common non neoplastic for UG tracT tumors?
Polypoid cystitis
What can we feed predisposed breeds to UG track tumors to decrease the risk?
veggies 3 x per week (carrots used in study)
56% of UG track tumors have concomitant _______ involvement
urethral
What new flea control product are safer and not asc with TCC?
Fipronil
What is the gold standard for dx of UG track tumors? Name the top 2 and considerations bout number 1
1. Cystoscopy with biopsy (GOLD STANDARD) but more invasive, it assesses respectability
Name the change the entire bladder is thought to go through and what happens?
“Field effect” the entire bladder lining is through to undergo malignant change in response to carcinogens in the urine
even with complete excision local recurrence can develop due to filed effect
ALL dogs with TCC should receive ______ if possible?
NSAID
Surgery treatment of choice for UG tract (non trigonal)
Surgery (non trigonal) with chemo for 2 years
What is the chemo pair used for someUG tract tumors?
Mitoxantrone with Prioxicam
What is the most common UG tumor in cats but note that its actually rare?
TCC
How do we often suspect UG tract tumors in terms of CS and palpation?
CS: hematuria, dysuria, PU, lameness if bone mets
Palpable mass in the bladder with a thickened urethra/iliac LN
What is the most common cutaneous tumor of the skin in dogs?
Mast cell tumors
Mast cell tumors are the _____ most common cutaneous tumor in cats
second
What is the most common cutaneous tumor in cats?
Basal cell tumor
Systemic form of mast cell tumors is called ________
mastocytosis
What is the common presentation/signalment in dogs for mast cell tumors? Sex predilection? breeds? Age?
Mean age 8-9 years (outliers really young=3 weeks)
No sex predilection
The B’s (Boxer, bull terrior, bulldog, boston terriors)
What’s the deal with Boxers and the B’s (brachycephalics?) with mast cell tumors?
They are predisposed but get lower grade/less aggressive variant so it’s manageable often when they get these
Mast cell tumors are classically developing as a _____ mass seen often on the _____most commonly and also the _______. In dogs they are less frequently found on the ____/____ but in cats that is the most common location!
dermal, trunk, extremities, head/neck (pinnae/earbase)
Think of mast cells as?
A normal circulation in our bodies for potentiating immune reactions or allergic, everywhere!
Most mast cells are _____ but some 10-15% are seen in multiples. What about cats?
solitary (cats have more than one one usually(
What are the 3 main causes of mast cell tumors to suddenly increase in size?
- Histamine
- Prostaglandins
- Heparin proteoglycan
MCT are composed of _____ granules with contain multiple vasoactive substances
cyctoplasmic
MCT contain varios _____ factors for easinophillic and neutrophillic factors
chemotactic
What can affect healing with MCT?
presence of proteolytic enzymes
When MCT get suddenly larger overnight what sign is this referencing and what is that due to?
Darier’s sign
disturbance of MCT that can lead to degranulation of Mast cells with erythema, swelling, and if severe anaphylaxis and hypotension
Why do we get an increase in gastric acid?
Histamine stimulates receptors on gastric parietal cells and you can in an increase in plasma histamine lEvels initially
What is the malignancy rate for mammary gland tumors in the dog versus the cat
Dog 50:50 benign versus malignant
Cat 85-95% malignant carcinomas
What are some risk factors with dogs for mammary gland tumors
Age: increases malignancy with agae
- 7-9 usually benign
- 9-11 usually malignant
Breed
-Purebred and smaller breeds more common
Hormonal exposure
- OHE prior to 1st estrus 0.5% chance to develop mammary cancer
- prior to 2nd 8%
- prior to 3rd estrus 26%
- no benefit of OHE over 4 years old
- irreversible effects of ovarian hormones occur early in life
Bodyweight
-underweight is protective
What are some risk factors with cats for mammary gland tumors
Age-malignancy increases age 7 and up
Breed (siamese often get it at a younger age)
Hormonal exposure
-intact queens 7x more likely higher risk of mammary cancer versus spayed
OHE:
- before 6 months 91% reduction
- 7-12 months 86% reduction
- 13-24 month 11 % reduction
Progestin exposure
-3.4 times more likely than in those not treated with progestin
Surgical treatment for dogs with mammary tumors single versus multiple mammmary tumors?
Single (wide enough surgical excision to completely remove the tumor
-< 0.5 cm single lumpectomy
If greater than or = to 1 an benign Mastectomy
Multiple-more extensive excisions depending on location
- Regional mastectomy
- Staged bilateral mastectomy
Surgical treatment for cats with mammary tumors?
Single session: Bilateral RADICAL Mastectomy
-with excision of axillary and inguinal LB
Regardless of dog or cat with mammary cancer what should also be performed with surgery
OHE when removing tumors
83% of vaginal tumors are ____ and of ____ muscle orginal
benign; smooth
How do we treat Leiomyoma vaginal tumor?
Complete surgical excision and OHE usually curative
If spayed, what vaginal tumor should we be concerned about and how do we treat
Malignancies!!! Leiomyosarcoma; complete surgical excision and OHE if low grade
What are some DDX for vaginal tumors
- Lipoma
- ACA
- HSA
- OSA
- TVT
- MCT relatively common on labia
- TCC of urethra process through urethra papilla and present as vaginal mass
90% of all cancers of the male reprod. tract are these types of tumors?
testicular
Testicular tumors are often discovered incidentally with atrophy where?
atrophy of the non affected testicle
What is the most common and second most common DDX for testicular tumors in males? State the cells affected for each and where they come from
- Interstitial Cell Tumor (interstitial cells of leydig)
2. Seminoma (Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules
16X more risk of developing a _____ in the cryptorchid testicle compared to descended testicle in CO dogs
seminoma
8X more risk of developing a _____ in the cryptorchid testicle compared to descended testicle in unilateral CO dogs
sertoli cell tumor
Which testicular tumor (2 of which that are functional and dont usually produce hormones) is functional and 50% produce estrogen which often rsults in what?, which cells responsible
Sertoli cell tumor (sustentacular cells of seminiferous tubules) results in feminization syndrome and pancytopenia
its the least common testicular tumor of the top 3 DDX
True or False Insterstitial cell tumors are constant risk of metastesis?
False: Rarely metastesize
