Clicker Questions Flashcards
What distinguishes a TRUE experimental study from a
QUASI experimental study?
A) True experimental studies use a control group
B) Participants are randomly assigned to groups in a true
experimental study
C) The control group is given a placebo in true experimental
studies
D) Participants are blinded to their treatment in true
experimental studies
B) Participants are randomly assigned to groups in a true
experimental study
Which observational study design(s) are not able to
show temporality?
A) Cross sectional
B) Case control
C) Cohort
D) Cross sectional & case control
E) All of the above (none of the observational study designs can
show temporality
D) Cross sectional & case control
The breast cancer risk genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are:
A) Oncogenes/Proto-oncogenes
B) Tumor suppressor genes
C) Genes involved in estrogen metabolism
B) Tumor suppressor genes
Body fatness is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but may be associated with decreased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women.
In this case, menopausal status is a(n):
A) Secondary outcome
B) Dependent variable
C) Confounder
D) Effect modifier
E) Intervening variable
D) Effect modifier
Which of the following could be a CONFOUNDER
in the relationship between milk (dairy) and
cancer?
A) Vitamin D
B) Genetics
C) Better nutrition knowledge
D) Type of cancer
C) Better nutrition knowledge
Which of the following
statements best represents
the certainty & benefit:risk
ratio for fruit and
vegetables and cancer
prevention?
A. High certainty, low
benefit:risk
B. Low certainty, low
benefit:risk
C. Low certainty, high
benefit:risk
C. Low certainty, high
benefit:risk
Bill & Jane, both generally healthy adults in their mid
30’s, are concerned about their health and have
decided to go on a reduced sodium diet. What would you suggest to Bill & Jane as the most important dietrelated change to make in order to reduce sodium
intake?
A) Limit salt added at the table
B) Limit salt added during cooking
C) Limit intake of breads and dairy products
D) Limit intake of processed foods
E) All of the above
D) Limit intake of processed foods
Bill & Jane, both generally healthy adults in their mid
30’s, have decided to go on a reduced sodium diet. If Bill’s bp is currently 150/90 and Jane’s bp is 118/70, what would you expect to happen to their bp after they have been on the reduced sodium diet for 6
months.
A) Both Bill & Jane would experience a roughly equal reduction in bp
B) Bill would experience a greater reduction in bp than Jane
C) Jane would experience a greater reduction in bp than Bill
D) Neither Bill nor Jane would see a reduction in their bp
B) Bill would experience a greater reduction in bp than Jane
Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Diabetes but not pre-diabetes can be diagnosed
using fasting plasma glucose levels, glucose
tolerance test and glycated hemoglobin test
B) Blood glucose levels within last several months
are reflected in glycated hemoglobin test
C) Fasting plasma glucose is the only test that can be
used to diagnose both diabetes and pre-diabetes
D) All of the above are correct
B) Blood glucose levels within last several months
are reflected in glycated hemoglobin test
To diagnose obesity in children, the following
measure(s) is (are) used:
A) BMI formula like for adults
B) BMI-for-age
C) None as it is very variable
B) BMI-for-age
Bone density decreases as we age. The rate of bone loss is greatest:
A) Right after peak bone mass is
reached, ~30 yrs of age
B) At the onset of menopause
C) After age 70
B) At the onset of menopause
Which of the following is the best definition of
bone remodeling?
A. Increase in bone size
B. Process that determines bone shape
C. Process that replaces old bone with new
D. Process that maintains integrity of bone in
utero
E. None of the above is correct
C. Process that replaces old bone with new
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD)
hypothesis was introduced based on the
pioneer findings by:
A. Dr. Barker
B. Dr. Calkins
C. Dr. Devaskar
A. Dr. Barker
What are the processes/mechanisms that can explain the fetal origins hypothesis?
A. Developmental plasticity and programing
B. Altering organ development or function
C. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
D. All the above
D. All the above
Which of the following statements about the fetal origins hypothesis is FALSE?
It says that risk for chronic disease may be influenced by the environment the fetus experiences in utero
It recognizes early postnatal life exposures as another sensitive period to shape human health later in life
It excludes paternal experiences as a factor that could influence health of the offspring
It recognizes early postnatal life exposures as another sensitive period to shape human health later in life
Which of the following foods are substrates for
gut bacteria to produce SCFA?
Non-fermentable fiber
Highly fermentable fiber
All types of fiber
None of the above
Highly fermentable fiber
