Additional Practice Final Qs Flashcards
Which of the following is an anorexigenic gut peptide?
A. Ghrelin
B. Cholecystokinin
C. Leptin
D. Two of the above
E. All of the above
B. Cholecystokinin
In adults at rest, the __________ is the largest consumer of ___________and has a major effect on
_____________, energy expenditure, and nutritional requirements.
A. muscle, glucose, basal metabolic rate
B. muscle, fatty acids, basal metabolic rate
C. liver, glucose, thermic effect of food
D. liver, fatty acids, basal metabolic rate
E. kidney, glucose, thermic effect of food
B. muscle, fatty acids, basal metabolic rate
Risk for developing which of the following conditions has been associated in part with the fetal
origins of adult disease hypothesis?
i) cardiovascular disease ii) hypertension iii) reduced bone mass
iv) depression, anxiety v) type 2 diabetes
A. i and ii
B. i, ii, and v
C. i, ii, iii and v
D. i, ii, iv, and v
E. i, ii, iii, iv, and v (all of the above)
E. i, ii, iii, iv, and v (all of the above)
Which of the following is TRUE of a DASH-type diet?
A. It is an evidence-based diet initially developed to reduce hypertension, though it is also
consistent with dietary patterns to reduce risk of other chronic diseases (such as cancer and osteoporosis)
B. It is low in saturated fat and sodium, and rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium and fibre
C. It emphasizes vegetables, fruits, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products
D. It limits sweets, sugary beverages, and red meats
E. Only 2 of the above are true
F. All of the above are true
F. All of the above are true
Bone _________________, which occurs throughout adulthood, is the process by which _________
dissolve bone and ________________ build bone.
A. modeling, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
B. modeling, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
C. remodeling, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
D. remodeling, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
E. resorption, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
F. resorption, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
C. remodeling, osteoclasts, osteoblasts
In the viable yellow agouti mouse model (Avy), when a promoter of the Agouti gene is __________,
mice develop a yellow coat colour and are __________ to be obese.
A. methylated, less likely
B. methylated, more likely
C. unmethylated, less likely
D. unmethylated, more likely
D. unmethylated, more likely
Which of the following statements accurately describes “Diet-Heart Hypothesis”?
A. According to the classic ‘diet-heart’ hypothesis, high intake of cholesterol and foods with
high glycemic index increase the level of serum cholesterol and glucose, which leads to the
development of atherosclerosis and increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
B. According to the classic ‘diet-heart’ hypothesis, high intake of cholesterol cannot explain
higher risk of CHD because dietary cholesterol does not have a major influence on serum
cholesterol levels.
C. According to the classic ‘diet-heart’ hypothesis, high intake of saturated fats and
cholesterol and low intake of polyunsaturated fats increase the level of serum cholesterol,
which leads to the development of atherosclerosis and increased risk of CHD.
D. According to the classic ‘diet-heart’ hypothesis, high intake of cholesterol combined with
low intake of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamins B increases the level of serum
cholesterol, which leads to the development of atherosclerosis and increased risk of CHD.
E. None of the above is correct
C. According to the classic ‘diet-heart’ hypothesis, high intake of saturated fats and
cholesterol and low intake of polyunsaturated fats increase the level of serum cholesterol,
which leads to the development of atherosclerosis and increased risk of CHD.
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated by gut bacteria can be used as a source of energy by
human body cells. This statement is:
A. True, because SCFAs can enter the portal vein and then be distributed to peripheral cells
for beta oxidation and TCA cycle
B. True, because SCFAs can be directly converted to citric acid in the gut which enters the
portal vein and is distributed to peripheral cells for beta oxidation and TCA cycle
C. True, because SCFAs activate GPCR receptors that are responsible for activating energy
production pathways
D. False, SCFAs cannot cross to the blood stream and stay in the gut acidifying the
environment in the colon
A. True, because SCFAs can enter the portal vein and then be distributed to peripheral cells
for beta oxidation and TCA cycle
Bob & Andy are both 40-year old males. Bob has a BMI of 31 kg/m2 and a waist circumference of
106 cm (42 inches). Andy has a BMI of 33 kg/m2 and a waist circumference of 95 cm (37 inches).
Based on this information, which of the following is the most accurate assessment of their health
status.
A. Bob is at greater risk for chronic conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes
B. Andy is at greater risk for chronic conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes
C. Both are at equally high risk for chronic conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension and
type 2 diabetes
D. Neither Bob nor Andy are at a high risk for chronic conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes
A. Bob is at greater risk for chronic conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes
Which observational study design(s) are not able to show temporality?
A. Cross sectional
B. Case control
C. Cohort
D. Cross sectional & case control
E. All of the above (none of the observational study designs can show temporality)
D. Cross sectional & case control
Sam has been diagnosed with diabetes type 2. To decrease the impact of food on his blood glucose
level, he was told to choose foods with low glycemic index. Which of the following would you
recommend Sam as an option with the lowest glycemic index?
A. Hot boiled red potato
B. Cold boiled red potato
C. Bagel
D. None of the above
B. Cold boiled red potato
T/F: Osteoporosis prevention depends on optimizing peak bone mass, minimizing
exposures that lead to bone loss, and optimizing nutritional exposures for bone maintenance
throughout life.
True
T/F: Low paternal dietary folate intake causes changes in methylation of sperm DNA
within genes implicated in development of cancer, diabetes, autism, and schizophrenia, which
contributes to health challenges in the offspring later in life.
True
T/F: A lower intake of folate, vitamin B12, choline and vitamin B6 could lead to DNA hypomethylation.
True
T/F: Sodium is the major intra-cellular cation, and higher sodium intakes are
associated with higher blood pressure.
False, Inter-cellular, or extracellular, not intra.
T/F: Body fatness is associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal
women, but may be associated with decreased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. In this case, menopausal status is an effect modifier.
True
Clearly describe the mismatch concept. In your answer, appropriately use the terms “developmental plasticity”, “thrifty phenotype” and “developmental programming”.
The fetus adapts to the nutritional environment in utero. This is known as developmental plasticity.
(1)
* If the fetus is exposed to under- nutrition in utero, it will develop a “thrifty phenotype” (such as
smaller size, decreased energy expenditure, increased fat storage, increased appetite) which helps
them to survive in an undernourished environment (1)
* The adaptations that occur in utero are permanent, this is known as “developmental
programming”. (1)
* If the ex-utero environment matches the in utero environment, the offspring is typically fine. (1)
* However, when the offspring adapts to an undernourished environment in utero and then is
exposed to a nutrient rich environment after birth, this leads to increased risk of chronic disease
later in life (1)
Provide one example of how the early nutritional environment can lead to changes in the development of a specific organ during development and explain how this change in the organ may
lead to increased risk of health problems later in life.
One of the following:
- Malnutrition during development of kidney reduced renal volume and nephrons
hypertension (or renal failure) later in life
- Malnutrition during development of pancreas reduced beta-cells impaired insulin sensitivity
later in life
- Malnutrition during development of muscle, liver or fat impaired insulin sensitivity insulin
resistance later in life
- Malnutrition during development of HPA axis impaired insulin sensitivity insulin resistance
later in life
- Malnutrition during development of brain altered appetite regulation poor apetite
regulation (or leptin resistance)
