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Step One Rapid Review > Clay's Random Shit > Flashcards

Clay's Random Shit Flashcards

1
Q

Colorectal adenocarcinoma sequence

A

Normal –> APC inactivated
Hyperproliferative epithelium –> methylations, COX2 overexpressed
Adenoma –> K-ras activation, DCC inactivation, p53 inactivated
Carcinoma

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2
Q

Finaxomicin, use and mech

A

For repeated/recurrent C. Diff, refractory to metro and vanq

inhibits sigma subunit of RNA polymerase, impairs protein synthesis

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3
Q

Etanercept

A

TNFalpha inhibitor - receptor decoy

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4
Q

Allergic triad

A

Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis, Allergic rhinitis

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5
Q

Cladribine

A

Purine analog for hairy cell leukemia

resistant to ADA

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6
Q

Proto-onco genes

A

1 hit GAIN of function
RAS, MYC, ERBB1, ERBB2, ABL, BRAF

The two RAScal ERB brothers, MYC and ABL, serve in the BRAF

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7
Q

RAS

A

Proto oncogene
GTP binding protein

Cholangeio carcinoma
Pancreatic adenoma

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8
Q

MYC

A

Proto Onco
Transcription Factor

Burkitt lymphoma

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9
Q

ERBB1

A

Proto Onco
Receptor Tyr Kinase

Lung adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

ERBB2 (Her2)

A

Proto Onco
Receptor Tyr Kinase

Breast Cancer

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11
Q

ABL

A

Proto Onco
Non receptor tyrosine kinase

CML

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12
Q

BRAF

A

Proto onco
RAS signal transducer

Hairy cell
Melanoma

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13
Q

Tumor Suppressors

A

2-hit LOSS of function

Von Hipple Lindau and Wilms robbed (RB) approximately (APC) 53 bank BRanches (BRCA)

WT1, RB, p53, APC/Beta-catenin, BRCA1&2, VHL

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14
Q

WT1

A

Tumor suppressor
Urogenital differentiation

Wilms tumor

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15
Q

RB

A

Tumor suppressor
G1->S transition inhibitor

Retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma

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16
Q

p53

A

Tumor suppressor
transcription factor for p21, blocks G1-S

Li-Fraumeni

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17
Q

APC/Beta catenin

A

Tumor suppressor
WNT signalling

Colon, gastric, pancreatic, FAP

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18
Q

BRCA1/2

A

Tumor supressor
DNA repair

Breast and ovarian

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19
Q

VHL

A

Tumor suppressor
Ubiquitin Ligase

Renal cell carcinoma
VHL

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20
Q

Autosomal Dominant Diseases

A

Americas Funniest Home Movies Now on TV

Achondroplasia, ADPKD
FAP, Familial hypercholesterolemia
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hereditary spherocytosis
Huntingtons
Marfans, MENs
NF1, NF2
Tuberous Sclerosus, VHL
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21
Q

X-Linked

A

Be Wise, Fools GOLD Heeds Silly Hope

Bruton's Agamma
Wiskot Aldrich
Fabry's
G6PD
Ocular albinism
Lesch-Nyhan
Duchenne's
Hunter's
Hemophilias
OTC
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22
Q

Cardiac disorders of 22q11

A

Truncus arteriosus

Tetrology of Fallot

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23
Q

Cardiac disorders of Down Syndrome

A

ASD, VSD, AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)

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24
Q

Cardiac disorders of Congenital Rubella

A

Septal defects
PDA
Pulmonary artery stenosis

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25
Q

Cardiac disorders of Turners

A

Coarctation of the aorta (preductal)

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26
Q

Cardiac disorders of Marfan’s

A

Aortic dissection

Mitral prolapse

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27
Q

Cardiac disorders of Infant of Diabetic Mother

A

Transposition of great vessels

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28
Q

Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

Satiety (stimulated by Leptin)

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29
Q

Lateral Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

Hunger (inhibited by Leptin)

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30
Q

Anterior Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

Cooling

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31
Q

Posterior Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

Warming

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32
Q

Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

Secretes D (inh. PRL), GHrH, GTN

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33
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

ADH, CTRH, Oxytocin, TRH

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34
Q

Supraoptic Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

ADH, oxytocin

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35
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

Circadian rhythm, pineal gland

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36
Q

Pure motor lacunar infarct

A

Posterior internal capsule

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37
Q

Pure sensory lacunar infarct

A

VPL/VPM

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38
Q

Ataxia, hemiplegia, lacunar infarct

A

PONS

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39
Q

dysarthria, clumsy hand, lacunar infarct

A

Pons or Genu of Internal Capsule

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40
Q

Bosentan

A

endothelin receptor antagonist
Rx: pulm arterial HTN (PAH)
Lung transplant pts

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41
Q

Class 1 antiarrhythmics:
Inhibition of Phase 0
Effect on AP

A

1A: intermediate inhib phase 0, prolonged AP
1B: weak phase 0, shortened AP
1C: strong phase 0, no effect on AP

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42
Q

Viral binding interactions
CD4
CD21
Erythrocyte P antigen

A

HIV gp 120
EBV gp 350
parvovirus B19

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43
Q

RCA infarct

A

STE II, III, aVF
Inferior infarct
SA and AV nodes

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44
Q

LAD infarct

A

IV Septum, Anterior LV Wall

V1, V2, V3, V4

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45
Q

LCX infarct

A

Lateral LV

V5, V6 (I, aVL)

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46
Q

LCA infarct

A

Septum and LV

V1-V6, I, aVL

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47
Q

Peptyidyl transferase activity in prokaryotic ribostome

A

23srRNA of 50s Ribosomal unit

Peptide bond formation

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48
Q

Binds Shine-delgarno sequence

A

16s rRNA on 30s subunit of ribosome

initiation of translation

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49
Q

Lithium side effect

A

Ebsteins anomaly in infants – atrialization of RV

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50
Q

Sucrose

A

Fructose and Glucose

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51
Q

Lactose

A

GaLACTOSE and Glucose

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52
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and Glucose

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53
Q

Glomerulopathy assoc. with Goodpastures

A

RPGN

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54
Q

Glomerulopathy assoc. with Alport’s

A

Membranoproliferative Type 1

BM splitting, lobular appearance, mesangial proliferation

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55
Q

Glomerulopathy assoc. with Nepthrotic Syn

A

Membranous Glomerulopathy

Diffuse capillary wall thickening

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56
Q

Glomerulopathy assoc. with HIV

A

FSGS, IgM and C3

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57
Q

Infliximab

A

vs TNFalpha (RA, AS, Crohns)

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58
Q

Rituximab

A

vs CD20 (lymphoma)

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59
Q

Imatinib

A

BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase (CML)

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60
Q

Abciximab

A

Gp2b/3a

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61
Q

Theophylline

A

inhibits PDE, for asthma

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62
Q

Zileuton

A

leukotriene inhibitor

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63
Q

Primidone

A

first line for Essential Tremor

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64
Q

Calories from 1g of Fat

A

9cal

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65
Q

Calories from 1g Protein/Carb

A

4cal

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66
Q

Calories from 1g ETOH

A

7cal

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67
Q

PYR positive bacteria

A

Strep PYogenes

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68
Q

An Interesting Zoo Must Have Mammals

A

Actin in I band to Z line

Myosin in H band to M line

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69
Q

Mechanism of thiazide hyperglycemia

A

Thiazides stabilize beta cell K channel in open config, prevents depol. –> no insulin

NO THIAZIDE IN DIABETIC

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70
Q

Diazoxide

A

Treatment for insulinoma

K channel opener in beta cell

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71
Q

Distal Interphalangeal Nodules

A

Heberden’s nodule

Osteoarthritis

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72
Q

Metacarpalphalangeal nodules

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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73
Q

Glomerulopathy assoc. with SLE

A

Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis

DP fucked

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74
Q

Demargination of PMNs

A

result of glucocorticoid Rx

can cause fever, chills, fatigue

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75
Q

Vitelline cyst/duct

A

associated with meckels’ diverticulum

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76
Q

UV damage

A

Thymine dimers

endonuclease nicks strand, DNA pol recognizes nicks and repairs damage

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77
Q

Maternal Diabetes complications

A 
Premature delivery
Fetal macrosomia
Neural tube defects
Transposition of great vessels
anal atresia
syringomyelia
Respiratory distress
transient hypoglycemia
polycythemia and hyperviscosity
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78
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome

A

Hyperkalemia, uric aciduria

fatal arrhythmias and kidney failure

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79
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A

PaO2&raquo_space; pCO2
CNs IX and X
low oxygen stimulates respiratory drive

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80
Q

Central chemo

A

in medulla, pH of CSF

increase pCO2, decreases CSF pH, stimulates respiratory drive

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81
Q

Omalizumab

A

Anti-IgE for asthma

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82
Q

Cetuximab

A

Anti-EGFR for NSC lunc cancer, colorectal, pancreatic and squamous cancer

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83
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Anti VEGF

metastatic colon, NSCLC, renal, recurrent glioblastoma

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84
Q

GLUT1

A

RBCs, BBB, basal gluc txport

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85
Q

GLUT2

A

Hepatic, pancreatic beta cells, renal tubults, small intestine

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86
Q

GLUT3

A

Placenta, neurons

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87
Q

GLUT4

A

Skeletal muscle, adipocytes, insulin mediated

88
Q

GLUT5

A

Spermatocytes, GI tract

FRUCTOSE txport

89
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

Increasing osteoid matrix, rosary chest

90
Q

osteoporosis

A 
trabecular thinning (=spongy=cancellous)
predominantly axial, femur neck, pelvis, verts
91
Q

Hyperparathyroid

A

Cortical bone of appendicular skeleton

subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration

92
Q

Paget’s Dz of Bone

A

lamellar bone resembles mosaic

93
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Spongiosa fills medullary canal

94
Q

Long acting insulin

A

NPH (bid)
Glargine (1/day)
Detemir (1/day)

95
Q

Post prandial insulin

A

Regular - best IV

Lispro, aspart, glulisine - best post meal

96
Q

General anesthesia, High lipid solubility

A

High potency
1/MAC

halothane has high blood and lipid solubility so its slow onset and high potency

97
Q

General anesthesia, low solubility in blood (blood:gas coef)

A

Rapid induction and recovery times

NO has low blood solubility and low lipid solubility so its fast onset and low potency

98
Q

Bile soluble bacteria

A

Strep pneumo

99
Q

ADCC

A

Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Direct killing without complement

Eosinophils, Macrophages, NK cells

100
Q

CAMP positive bacteria

A

Group B strep agalactiae

101
Q

Don’t salt your beef

A

Strep bovis - no growth in 6.5% NaCl

102
Q

Lactic acidosis, neuro deficits

A

PDH Complex deficiency

Lysine and Leusine are pureLy ketogenic amino acids

103
Q

NADPH used for

A

Anabolic processes (F.A. synthesis)
Respiratory burst
p450
glutathione reductase

104
Q

Macrophage cytokines

A 
IL1
IL8
IL12
GM-CSF
TNFa
105
Q

T cell cytokines

A

IL2
IL3
IL8
GM-CSF

106
Q

Th1 cytokines

A

IFNg

107
Q

Th2 cytokines

A

IL4
IL5
IL10

108
Q

NK cell cytokines

A

IFNg

109
Q

IL1

A

Inc. PMN and Mac migration

Inc. acute phase reactants, fever, shock

110
Q

IL2

A

T cell activation and proliferation
NK& Mac activity
B cell growth

HOT T BONE stEAk

111
Q

IL3

A

hematopoesis

112
Q

IL4

A

Inc Th2 differentiation
B cell growth
Isotype IgE

113
Q

IL5

A

Eosinophils

IgA

114
Q

IL6

A

T and B cell growth
inc osteoclasts
acute phase react

115
Q

IL8

A

PMN chemotaxis

116
Q

IL10

A

Decrease Th1 cell diff
Decrease cell mediated immunity and APC activity
increase B cell function

117
Q

IL12

A

Th1 cell diff

NK and CD8 cells

118
Q

IFNg

A 
Inc intracellular killing by macros
inc MHC class I and II expression
Inc Th1
119
Q

TGFbeta

A

decrease immune cell funciton

increase matrix synth and angiogenesis

120
Q

GM-CSF

A

Inc growth of myeloid prog

121
Q

TNFa

A

Increase inflammation and cell mediated immunity

Acute phase, fever, shock

122
Q

Radial nerve injury

A

Wrist drop
sensory: Posterior arm, dorsal hand and thumb

Midshaft humerous break
“Saturday night palsy”
BEST extensors
Brachioradialis, Ext of wrist and fingers, Supinator, Triceps

123
Q

Axillary nerve injury

A

Deltoid weakness
Deltoid sensory

surgical neck of the humerous

124
Q

Median nerve injury

A

Ape Hand, Pope Hand, thumb opposition/wrist flexion deficit

Sensory: dorsal and palmar, lateral 3.5 fingers

125
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve injury

A

Flexion at the elbow
sensory: lateral forearm

Biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis

126
Q

Foot Drop

A

Peroneal nerve

PED - Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes, foot dropPED

127
Q

No Tip toes

A

Tibial nerve

TIP: Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes, no TIPtoes

128
Q

Site of synthesis: NE

A

Locus ceruleus

NE cerulean blue? POss it this way (Pons)

129
Q

Site of synthesis: Dopamine

A

Ventral tegmentum and Substantial Nigra

Without D you can’t play tag (teg)

130
Q

Site of synthesis: 5HT

A

Raphe nucleus

Sad artist raphael, no one likes me

131
Q

Site of synthesis: ACh

A

Basal Nucleus of Maynert

Muscarinic, Maynert

132
Q

Site of synthesis: GABA

A

Nucleus Accumbens

GABANA!

133
Q

Positive Acid schiff stain (PAS+)

A

Whipple’s Disease

alpha1 antitrypsin in liver

134
Q

Vit D vs PTH

A

Vit D - Increase Ca and Phos absorbed from gut

PTH - Increased renal Ca reabsorption, increase phos excretion

135
Q

APGAR

A

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

136
Q

DNA pol III

A

5’-3’ synthesis

3’-5’ proofread

137
Q

DNA pol I

A

same as DNA pol III but also

excises RNA primer with 5’-3’ exonuclease

138
Q

RNA pol I, Pol II, pol III

A

RMT - Rocky Mountains
I - rRNA - most abundant (rampant)
II - mRNA - longest (massive)
III - tRNA - smallest (tiny)

139
Q

Stains for: Vimentin

A

Connective tissue

140
Q

Stains for: Desmin

A

Muscle

141
Q

Stains for: Cytokeratin

A

epithelial cells

142
Q

Stains for: GFAP

A

neuroGlia

143
Q

Stains for: Neurofilaments

A

Neurons

144
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles contribute to phenotype

Blood groups A, B, AB

145
Q

Variable expressivity

A

Phenotype varies among ppl with same genotype

NF1 varying disease severity

146
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

Not all with genotype show phenotype

BRCA1 doesn’t always cause cancer

147
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene, multiple phenotypic effects

PKU, multiple seemingly unrelated symptoms from retardation to skin changes

148
Q

Imprinting

A

depends on maternal or parental origin

prader-willi

149
Q

Locus heterogeneity

A

Different mutations, same phenotype

Marfans and homocystinuria cause mafanoid habitus

150
Q

Heterplasmy

A

normal and mutated mtDNA

151
Q

Prader-Willi

A

Paternal is NOT expressed

152
Q

Friederich Ataxia tri nuc repeat

A

GAA

153
Q

Fragile X try nuc repeat

A

CGG

154
Q

Myotonic dystrophy tri nuc repeat

A

CTG

155
Q

Chocolate agar with V and X

A

H. influenza

156
Q

Thayer-Martin or VPN

A

Neisseria

157
Q

Bordet-Gengou

A

Bordatella pertussis

158
Q

Tellurite, Lofflers

A

C diphtheriae

159
Q

Lowenstein’Jensen

A

M. Tb

160
Q

Eatons

A

M. pneumo

161
Q

Charcoal yeast with cysteine and iron

A

Legionella

162
Q

Sabouraud’s

A

Fungi

163
Q

Rx for giardia and entamoeba

A

metronidazole

164
Q

Treatment for worms

A

Albendazole banishes abberations like ascaris!

bendazoles work for roundworms

165
Q

HLA-B27

A

PAIR

Psoriasis, Ankylosing spondyilitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Reiter’s syndrome

166
Q

HLA- A3

A

Hemachromatosis

167
Q

HLA DQ2/DQ8

A

Celiac

168
Q

HLA DR2

A

MS, hay fever, SLE, Goodpastures

169
Q

HLA DR3

A

DM1 and graves

170
Q

HLA DR4

A

DM1 and RA

171
Q

HLA DR5

A

Pernicious anemia, Hashimotos thyroiditis

172
Q

Graft rejected in minutes

A

Hyperacute, type II, presence of preformed anti-donor antibodies

Ischemia and necrosis

173
Q

Graft rejected in 2 weeks

A

Acute
HOST T CELLS react against foreign MHC

vasculitis with dense infiltrates

reverse with cyclosporine, muromonab-CD3

174
Q

Graft rejected in 3 years

A

Chronic

T-cell and antibodie mediated obliteration of vasculature (or bronchioles in lung)

175
Q

Tumor marker: CEA

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers

176
Q

Tumor marker: afetoprotein

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

177
Q

Tumor marker: bHCG

A

Hydatiform moles and choriocarcionoma

178
Q

Tumor marker: CA-125

A

Ovarian cancer

179
Q

Tumor marker: S-100

A

Melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas

180
Q

Tumor marker: Bombesin

A

Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer

181
Q

Tumor marker: TRAP

A

Hairy cell leukemia

182
Q

CA 19-9

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

183
Q

Cardiac auscultation maneuvers: Inspiration

A

Increase intensity of right heart sounds

184
Q

Cardiac auscultation maneuvers: Expiration

A

Increase intensity of left heart sounds

185
Q

Cardiac auscultation maneuvers: Hand grip

A

Increase systemic vascular resistance
Increase MR, AR, VSD, MVP
Decrease AS, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

186
Q

Cardiac auscultation maneuvers: Valsalva

A

Decrease venous return
Decrease intensity of most murmurs
Increase MVP, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

187
Q

Cardiac auscultation maneuvers: Rapid squatting

A

Increase venous return, increase preload, increase afterload

Decrease intensity of MVP, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

188
Q

Evolution of an MI: 0-4 hours

A

No changes

risk of arrhythmia, CHF exacerbation, or cardiogenic shock

189
Q

Evolution of an MI: 4-12 hours

A

Early coagulative necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, wavy fibers

Risk: arrhythmia
Dark mottling

190
Q

Evolution of an MI: 12-24 hours

A

Contraction bands from reperfusion injury
Beginning of PMN migration

Risk: arrythmia
Dark mottling

191
Q

Evolution of an MI: 1-3 days

A

Extensive coagulative necrosis, PMNs, acute inflammation

Risks: Fibrinous pericarditis
Hyperemia (congested with bloodflow)

192
Q

Evolution of an MI: 3-14 days

A

Macrophage infiltration and granulation tissue

Risks: Free wall rupture -> tamponade

hyperemic border, central yellow-brown SOFTENING, maximally by 10 days

193
Q

Evolution of an MI: 2 weeks to several months

A

Contracted scar

Risks: Dressler’s

Gray-white

194
Q

Signaling pathways: cAMP

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

195
Q

Signaling pathways: IP3

A

GGOAT

GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, histamines (H1), angiotensin II, gastrin

196
Q

Signaling pathways: Steroid

A

VETTT CAP

Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone

197
Q

Signaling pathways: Intrinsic tyronsine kinase

A

Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

MAP kinase pathways, think GROWTH FACTORS

198
Q

Signaling pathways: Receptor-associated tyrosine kinase

A

PIG
Prolactin, Immunomodulators, GH
IL2, IL6, IL8, IFN

JAK/STAT pathway

199
Q

Progression of Extrapyramidal Side Effects

A

4 hr acute dystonia (muscle spasm, stiffness, oculgyric crisis)
4 day akisthisia (restlessness)
4 wk bradykinesia (parkinsonism)
4 mo tardive dyskinesia (facial movements, oft irreversible)

200
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm/leg

Lesion: CONTRALATERAL subthalamic nucleus (e.g. lacunar stroke)

201
Q

Chorea

A

sudden, jerky, purposeless movment

Lesion: Basal Ganglia

202
Q

Athetosis

A

Slow, writhing movements, esp. in fingers

Lesion: Basal ganglia

203
Q

Myoclonus

A

sudden, brief, uncontrolled muscle contraction

hiccups, metabolic abnormalities esp rena and liver failure

204
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained involuntary muscle contraction

205
Q

Parkinson’s Drugs

A

BALSA
Bromocriptine, Amantadine, Levodopa (with carbidopa), Selegiline, Antimuscarinics

Park your mercedes Benz
Benztropine antimuscarinic

BALS - increase dopamine one way or another
A - curb excess ACh activity

206
Q

Alzheimer’s Drugs

A

Memantine - NMDA receptor antag
Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine - AChE inhibitors

Decrease excitotoxicity, increase ACh

207
Q

3rd Aortic Arch Derivative

A

Common Carotid artery and proximal internal Carotid

C is the 3rd letter of alphabet

208
Q

4th Aortic Arch Derivative

A

Aortic arch, proximal right subclavian

209
Q

6th Aortic Arch Derivative

A

Proximal pulmonary arteries and Ductus Arteriosus

210
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome

A

1st Branchial Arch derivative
1st arch neural crest migration failure
mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

211
Q

Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

A

Fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck

3rd Branchial arch persistance

212
Q

Branchial Pouch Derivatives

A

1st - Ears
2nd - Tonsils
3rd - Inferior parathyroids, Thymus
4th - Superior parathyroids

Ear, Tonsils, Bottom (inf.) To Top (sup.)

213
Q

Sturge-Weber mnemonic

STURGE

A

STURGE

Stain, sporaTic, Unilateral port wine stain, Glaucoma/GNAQ inactivation, Epilepsy

214
Q

Leukemia age groups mnemonic

All hairy camels amble closely

A

ALL <15
Hairy cell, CML: 30-60
AML, CLL/SLL: 65+

215
Q

Eaton-Lambert vs Myasthenia Gravis

A

Myasthenia Gravis: abs vs ACh receptors

Eaton-Lambert: abs vs presynaptic calcium channels, prevent vesicle release

Step One Rapid Review (8 decks)

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