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Step One Rapid Review > Classic Associations > Flashcards

Classic Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing’s ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretions)

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3
Q

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling’s ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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4
Q

Aortic arch aneurysm

A 
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis)
Vasa vasorum destruction
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5
Q

Ascending aortic aneurysm

A

Marfan’s syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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6
Q

Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

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7
Q

Meningitis in the newborn (0-6mo)

A

Group B strep
E. coli
Listeria

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8
Q

Meningitis in children (6mo-6yr)

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
H. flu type B
Enterovirus

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9
Q

Meningitis 6-60yrs

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis (#1 in teens)
Enterovirus
HSV

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10
Q

Meningitis 60+yrs

A

S. pneumoniae
Gram-negative rods
Listeria

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11
Q

Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand’s factor)

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12
Q

Brain tumor (adults)

A

Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (includes Glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma

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13
Q

Brain tumor (kids)

A

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)

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14
Q

Breast tumor (benign)

A

Fibroadenoma

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15
Q

Cardiac primary tumor (kids)

A

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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16
Q

Cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)

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17
Q

Cardiac tumor (adults)

A 
Metastasis
Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium, "ball and valve")
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18
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)

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19
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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20
Q

Compression fracture

A

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

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21
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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22
Q

Congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD > ASD > PDA

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23
Q

Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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24
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)

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25
Q

Coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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26
Q

Cyanosis (early)

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
(these are less common causes of cyanosis)

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27
Q

Cyanosis (late)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

these are more common causes

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28
Q

Death in CML

A

Blast crisis

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29
Q

Death in SLE

A

Lupus nephropathy

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30
Q

DIC

A

Venom, Severe sepsis, Trauma, obstetric complications, Pancreatitis, Malignancy, Nephrotic Syndrome, Transfusions… burns, major surgery

“Vimal, STOP Making New Thrombi”

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31
Q

Diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker’s diverticulum (false diverticulum, not surrounded by musculature… only involves mucosa/submucosa)

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32
Q

Ejection click

A

Aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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33
Q

Congenital heart murmur

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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34
Q

Helminth infection (U.S.)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

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35
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Multiple blood transfusions

Hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

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36
Q

Hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert’s syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

37
Q

HLA-B27

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter’s syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis

38
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE

39
Q

Holosystolic murmur

A

VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation

40
Q

Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow’s triad (thromboembolism risk)

41
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)

42
Q

Kidney stones

A

Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
Uric acid = radiolucent

43
Q

Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

44
Q

Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

45
Q

Malignancy (kids)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

46
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes

47
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI

48
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

Goljan says Lung > Colon

49
Q

Myocarditis

A

Coxsackie B

50
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

51
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

Minimal change disease

52
Q

Neuron migration failure

A

Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

53
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

54
Q

Opening snap

A

Mitral stenosis

55
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell

A

Salmonella

56
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudamonas, S. aureus

57
Q

Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)

58
Q

Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

A

Serous cystadenoma

59
Q

Ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

60
Q

ALL age group

A

Child

~0-14 yrs

61
Q

CLL age group

A

Old Adult

>60

62
Q

AML age group

A

Adult
~15-65
>30% blasts in smear

63
Q

CML age group

A

Adult
30-60
<30% blasts

64
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)

65
Q

Pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma

66
Q

Primary bone tumor (adults)

A

Multiple myeloma

67
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Adenoma of adrenal cortex

68
Q

Prymary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

69
Q

Primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency)

70
Q

Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger’s disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

71
Q

Renal tumor

A

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)

72
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])

73
Q

S4 (presystolic gallop)

A

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

74
Q

SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

75
Q

Sites of atherosclerosis

A

Abd. aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

76
Q

Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

77
Q

t(14;18)

A

Follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 activation)

78
Q

t(8; 14)

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)

79
Q

t(9;22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

80
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis or opthalmic artery
polymyalgia rheumatica

81
Q

Testicular tumor

A

Seminoma

82
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

Papillary carcinoma

83
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

84
Q

Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

85
Q

Type of Hodgkin’s

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

86
Q

UTI

A

E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

87
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

88
Q

Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)

A

Folate

Step One Rapid Review (8 decks)

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