clauses

Question 1

syntactic units

Answer 1

sentences consist of one or more
clauses consist of one or more
phrases consist of one or more
words consist of one or more
morphemes

Question 2

types of phrases

Answer 2

5 types: noun (NP), adjective (AdjP), adverb (AdvP), verb (VP), prepositional phrases (PP)

Question 3

noun phrases: FU FO

Answer 3

dtm – premod– h – postmod
det – adjP/n – pn/pron/n – clause/PP/adj

Question 4

adjective phrase: FU FO

Answer 4

premod – h – postmod
adv – adj – adv/PP/clause

Question 5

adverb phrase: FU FO

Answer 5

premod – h – postmod
adv – adv– adv/clause

Question 6

verb phrase: FU FO

Answer 6

aux v – aux v – aux v – aux v – mv
pv/mod aux – pv – pv – pv – pv/fv
(may have been being sunk)

primary verbs: be, do, have

Question 7

prepositional phrase: FU FO

Answer 7

prep – prepC
prep – n/NP/clause

Question 8

what function can go together with which form?

Answer 8

VP => V
NP => S, O, C, A
AdjP => C
AdvP => A
PP => A

Question 9

clause types

Answer 9

1. SV
2. SVO
3. SVCs
4. SVA
5. SVOO
6. SVOCo
7. SVOA

Question 10

C vs. A
how to know which one?

Answer 10

He stayed in bed => where? => A

He stayed very quiet => how? => Cs

They kept him in bed => where? => A

They kept him very quiet => how? => Co

Question 11

finite vs non-finite clauses

Answer 11

A finite clause has a verb which indicates tense (i.e. a tensed verb form).

A non-finite clause has a verb with no indication of tense (i.e. a non-tensed verb form), and depends for the interpretation of its time reference on other clauses in the environment.

Question 12

types of simple sentences

Answer 12

• declarative (She works in publishing.)
• interrogative (Do you need any help at all?)
• imperative (Sign here, please.)
• exclamative (How ugly it all is!)

Question 13

main and suboridinate clauses: key diference

Answer 13

Main clauses are not dependent on any other clauses and can form sentences on their own.

Subordinate clauses are dependent on other clauses and can only form sentences by combining with main clauses.

Question 14

coordination vs subordination

Answer 14

coordination: joining clauses of equal syntactic status

subordination: joining main and subordinate clauses

Question 15

embedded clauses vs subordinate clauses

Answer 15

both are dependent clauses (i.e. cannot form whole sentences in themselves)

embedded cl.: clauses where a clause becomes a constituent of a phrase rather having a syntactic function of its own (mostly relative clauses)
e.g. The guy who came this morning was very polite (relative clause as postmod of NP)

subordinate cl.: clause has its own syntactic function
e.g. Whoever did this should see me in my office. (clause = subject)