Classism & Gender Flashcards
Individual Classism
-classism on a personal or individual level
-behaviour or attitudes
Institutional Classism
-conscious or unconscious classism manifested in societal institutions
Cultural Classism
-classism manifest through our cultural norms and practices
Sex
-male and female; biologically based between men and women (also intersex)
Gender
-masculinity and femininity; personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female
Binary
-anything separated into 2 different and clear-cut categories
Gender Identity
-an inner sense of belonging to one, several, or no particular gender
Gender role socialization
society provides different gender roles or scripts
Patriarchy (Matriarchy)
a form of social organization where men (women) have more authority than women (men)
Gender Hegemony
ideological domination by males over others (to point where an alternative cannot be imagined)
Hegemonic masculinity
dominant form of masculinity in society that espouses men should be strong, brave, rational, self-reliant, heterosexual and dominate both women and subordinate men
Hegemonic femininity/Emphasized femininity
the form of femininity typically matched to stereotypical behaviours and attitudes (e.g., being emotional, caring, nurturing, emphasized feminine look
Second shift/ Double burden
women do more housework, childcare and eldercare (less leisure time)
Glass Ceiling effect VS Glass escalator effect
Glass Ceiling effect: women have limited potential to move up
Glass escalator effect: male nurse quickly moves into administrative role (teacher -> principal)
Sexual Orientation
preferences in romantic/sexual partners; not directly mapped onto to sex or gender
Heteronormativity
the assumption that heterosexuality is a universal norm, making homosexuality invisible or ‘abnormal’
Homophobia & Transphobia
Homophobia: irrational ‘fear’ or hatred of homosexuality
Transphobia: irrational ‘fear’ of, aversion to, or discrimination against transgender people
Liberal Feminism
-belief and focus on individual rights of men & women
-legal and cultural barriers should be removed to allow men and women to reach their potential
Socialist Feminism (Marxist)
-believe that liberation will only come through collective action
-family form must be replaced so that women are not ‘domestic slaves’
-calls for a socialist revolution
Radical Feminism
society must eliminate gender; must separate women’s bodies from process of child-bearing
First Wave Feminism (1850s-1940s)
-Female suffrage (1918)
-Women became ‘persons’ (1929)
-right to education, property,
custody rights, and the right to vote.
Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s)
-Betty Friedan (1963) & the misery of the housewife
-No-fault divorce (1968)
-Access to ‘the pill’ (1962)
-Abortion access (decriminalized in 1969)
-Marital rape (1983)
-reproductive rights, recognition
of housework as labour, equal pay for equal work, and ending violence against women
Third Wave Feminism (1990s)
-Recognition of matrix and that white middle-class women don’t speak for all women
-led to the emergence of contemporary movements for trans and queer rights and a recognition of unique ways that women of colour and disabled women experience gender inequality
Consequences of Gender Stratification for WOMEN
-Women take more part-time jobs
-Women take more parental leave
Consequences of Gender Stratification for MEN
-encouraged to partake in high-risk behaviors
-emphasized competition
