Classifying + Diagnosing SZ Flashcards

1
Q

schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia is a serious mental psychotic disorder characterised by a disruption of cognition + emotion
= it affects a person’s language, thought, perception + sense of self

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2
Q

diagnosing SZ

A

DSM 5 - Diagnostic + Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders
= 2 or more +ve/ 1 + 1

ICD 11 - The International Classification of Diseases
= show 1 +ve, 1 -ve symptom/ 2 -ve symptoms

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3
Q

positive symptoms

A
  • excess of distortion of normal functions:
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
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4
Q

negative symptoms

A

-reduction/ loss in normal functions:
- speech poverty (alogia)
- avolition

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5
Q

hallucinations

A

sensory experiences of stimuli that have either no basis in reality or are distorted perceptions of things that are there

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6
Q

delusions

A
  • aka paranoia
  • irrational, bizarre beliefs that seem real to the person with SZ
  • common delusions involve being an important historical, religious or political figure
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7
Q

alogia

A
  • aka speech poverty
  • changes in patterns of speech
  • reduction in quality + quantity of speech
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8
Q

avolition

A

finding it difficult to begin or keep up with goal-directed activity
- reduced motivation to carry out a range of activities

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9
Q

ads of classification + diagnosis

A
  • communication + shorthand
  • treatment
  • greater understanding of abnormalities
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10
Q

issues associated with SZ

A
  • reliability
  • validity
  • co-morbidity
  • symptom overlap
  • gender bias in diagnosis
  • cultural bias in diagnosis
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11
Q

reliability - issues associated with SZ

A
  • consistency of measuring instrument
  • an example of inter-rater reliability
    = two or more people agree with the same diagnosis for the same individual, after diagnosing separately
    = low as +0.11, shows that there is poor reliability in the diagnosis of SZ
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12
Q

validity - issues associated with SZ

A
  • the extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure
    = assessed using criterion validity, using different assessment systems arrive at the same diagnosis
    = according to a study, SZ is more likely to be diagnosed using the ICD than DSM, showing that SZ is either over-diagnosed in ICD or under-diagnosed in DSM
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13
Q

co-morbidity - issues associated with SZ

A

the idea that two or more mental disorders occur together
= question the validity of of diagnosis as around 50% of patients also diagnosed w/ depression or substance abuse (47%)
= shows that we aren’t able to distinguish between disorders very well if they are diagnosed w/ both
= weakness of diagnosis

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14
Q

symptom overlap - issues associated with SZ

A

there is considerable overlap between the symptoms of SZ + other conditions e.g. depression + bipolar disorders
- two psychs found that people w/ DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder) actually having more SZ symptoms than those w/ SZ
- overlap questions the validity of the classification + diagnosis of SZ
= as ICD + DSM may diagnose a patient w/ different conditions, and the overlap may suggest that they are the same disorder

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15
Q

gender bias - issues associated with SZ

A
  • found that men were more likely to be diagnosed w/ SZ than women
  • could be gender bias in diagnosis as women seem to function better than men, having good family relationships + more likely to work
    = therefore less likely to diagnose women as they show better interpersonal function than men
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16
Q

cultural bias - issues associated with SZ

A

African American + English people of Afro Caribbean origin are nine times more likely to be diagnosed w/ SZ

17
Q

communication + shorthand - ads of classification + diagnosis

A

it’s simpler to incorporate these symptoms into a single diagnosis
= makes communication easier between mental health professionals

18
Q

treatment - ads of classification + diagnosis

A

treatments are often specific to certain disorders

19
Q

treatment - ads of classification + diagnosis

A

treatments are often specific to certain disorders
= e.g. symptoms of SZ respond well to certain anti-psychotic drugs but not anti-anxiety
= a real diagnosis can point to a therapy that will alleviate symptoms

20
Q

greater understanding of abnormalities - ads of classification + diagnosis

A
  • there are many underlying biological abnormalities seen in ppl w/ SZ
  • it is hoped that a greater understanding of these abnormalities will lead to even more effective treatment