classification systems including validity and reliability Flashcards
what is a classification system
define clinical entitles
predict future couse of a particular disorder
help individal and family
tratment
who was the DSM created by
The American Psychiatric Association
how many DSMs have there been
7
what does the DSM cover about mental dissorders
Mental disorders for all ages
Possible causes
Stats in terms of gender, age of onset, etc
Research concerning the optimal treatment approaches
what is the mnemonic to remeber the axis’
Dad
Purchased
Most
Extraordinary
Glasses
what is the first axis in the DSM IV
disorders
eg. anxiety and schizophrenia
what is the second axis in the DSM IV
personality dissorders
what is the thrid axis in the DSM IV
medical conditions
what is the fourth axis in the DSM IV
environmental facors
what is the fith axis in the DSM IV
Global assessment of functioning
which axes are compulsory for diagnosis
the first 3
who created the ICD
WHO
what does the ICD include
A standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes.
The ICD-10 contains 10 groups of mental disorders, give 3 examples.
1) Delusional disorders
2) Mood disorders
3) Clinical/personality disorders
which section of the ICD includes mental disorders
category 5
give five strength of the ICD
1) The ICD being produced by The WHO makes it available worldwide and so data is more comparable due to large scale
2) Multi-lingual makes it more generalisable to other cultures
3) Quick and specific treatments can be established
4) Covers all health conditions which may provide a more holistic view towards a mental disorder
5) Standardised procedure of 3 manuals and using digits to form diagnosis
give 4 weaknesses of the ICD
1) Non-specific to mental disorders and so doesn’t go into as much detail as the DSM
2) Only updated every decade whereby new disorders can arise, leading to potential misdiagnosis due to outdated info
3) Doesn’t provide explanation for disorders and is only a descriptor of symptoms
4) Dependent on approach of clinician and so has issues with subjectivity and consistency
give strengths of the DSM
1) standardization of diagnoses helps ensure that clients receive appropriate, helpful treatment regardless of location, social class, or ability to pay
2) helps giuide what treatment should be given
3) helps guide research
give weaknesses of the DSM
1) creates labels and stigma
2) diagnosis is as straightforward as putting people into categories
3) increased risk of misdiagnosis and what counts as mentally illchanges over time
what is reliability
the consistency of something
if one person goes to two different clinicians and gets a different diagnosis there is no reliability
what did Beck et al find in terms of reliability of the ICD and DSM
agreement on diagnosis for 153 patients was only 54% due to vauge criteria and inconsistencies in techniques used to gather data
What did Goldstein (1988) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-II and DSM-III?
experts given case studies of patients diagnosised with Sz had high level of agreement
What did Cheniaux (2009) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-III and ICD-10?
Compared the diagnosis between DSM-IV and the ICD-10 of Sz, depression, etc. Found that Sz was more frequently diagnosed using the ICD-10.
what did cooper find out about reliability
New York psychatrists were twice as likely to diagnose Sz than london psychatrists who were twice as likely to diagnose mania or depression when shown the same video
what is validity
extent to which classification measures what it claims to measure
classify a real pattern in symptoms ehich results from a real underlying cause ehich can lead to a suitable treatment
what are the 4 types of validity
descriptive
predictive
aetiological
concurrent
what is descriptive validity
symptoms of one dissorder should be different from those of other categories
most patients show comorbidity which raises questions about whether they are separate disorders
what did Eysencl find about descriptive validity
2/3 of pateints with anxiety disorder have been diagnosed with additional anxiety disorders
what is predictive validity
if the system identifies a condition that will respond a particular way to a treatment
what did Bannister et al find about predictive validity
no clear relationship between diagnosis and treatment however since the introduction of the DSM IV form of treatment increasingly depends on diagnosis
what is aetiological validity
all patients who have the same diagnosis should have delevoped the disorder for the same reason
what is concurrent validity
the extent to which diagnosis from the two sytems agree with each other
only tells us if the DSM is valid or if the ICD is valid
what did Lee find out about concurrent validity
see if the DSM IV is vailid in diagnosing ADHD agreed with criteria from questionnaire data in Korea, teacher opinions were associated with the ADHD diagnosis using DSM IV
what are the implications for diagnosis
if it is valid then it should be possible to predict the prognosis and course of disorder as well as a effective suitable treatment
why is it difficult to assess reliability
unstructured interviews are not reliable and often used
not all info is gathered
some mental illnesses are hard to diagnose
psychiatrists may be subjective
cultural factors
