classification systems including validity and reliability Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a classification system

A

define clinical entitles
predict future couse of a particular disorder
help individal and family
tratment

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2
Q

who was the DSM created by

A

The American Psychiatric Association

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3
Q

how many DSMs have there been

A

7

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4
Q

what does the DSM cover about mental dissorders

A

Mental disorders for all ages
Possible causes
Stats in terms of gender, age of onset, etc
Research concerning the optimal treatment approaches

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5
Q

what is the mnemonic to remeber the axis’

A

Dad
Purchased
Most
Extraordinary
Glasses

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6
Q

what is the first axis in the DSM IV

A

disorders

eg. anxiety and schizophrenia

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7
Q

what is the second axis in the DSM IV

A

personality dissorders

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8
Q

what is the thrid axis in the DSM IV

A

medical conditions

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9
Q

what is the fourth axis in the DSM IV

A

environmental facors

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10
Q

what is the fith axis in the DSM IV

A

Global assessment of functioning

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11
Q

which axes are compulsory for diagnosis

A

the first 3

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12
Q

who created the ICD

A

WHO

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13
Q

what does the ICD include

A

A standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes.

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14
Q

The ICD-10 contains 10 groups of mental disorders, give 3 examples.

A

1) Delusional disorders
2) Mood disorders
3) Clinical/personality disorders

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15
Q

which section of the ICD includes mental disorders

A

category 5

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16
Q

give five strength of the ICD

A

1) The ICD being produced by The WHO makes it available worldwide and so data is more comparable due to large scale
2) Multi-lingual makes it more generalisable to other cultures
3) Quick and specific treatments can be established
4) Covers all health conditions which may provide a more holistic view towards a mental disorder
5) Standardised procedure of 3 manuals and using digits to form diagnosis

17
Q

give 4 weaknesses of the ICD

A

1) Non-specific to mental disorders and so doesn’t go into as much detail as the DSM
2) Only updated every decade whereby new disorders can arise, leading to potential misdiagnosis due to outdated info
3) Doesn’t provide explanation for disorders and is only a descriptor of symptoms
4) Dependent on approach of clinician and so has issues with subjectivity and consistency

18
Q

give strengths of the DSM

A

1) standardization of diagnoses helps ensure that clients receive appropriate, helpful treatment regardless of location, social class, or ability to pay
2) helps giuide what treatment should be given
3) helps guide research

19
Q

give weaknesses of the DSM

A

1) creates labels and stigma
2) diagnosis is as straightforward as putting people into categories
3) increased risk of misdiagnosis and what counts as mentally illchanges over time

20
Q

what is reliability

A

the consistency of something
if one person goes to two different clinicians and gets a different diagnosis there is no reliability

21
Q

what did Beck et al find in terms of reliability of the ICD and DSM

A

agreement on diagnosis for 153 patients was only 54% due to vauge criteria and inconsistencies in techniques used to gather data

22
Q

What did Goldstein (1988) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-II and DSM-III?

A

experts given case studies of patients diagnosised with Sz had high level of agreement

23
Q

What did Cheniaux (2009) find in terms of the reliability of the DSM-III and ICD-10?

A

Compared the diagnosis between DSM-IV and the ICD-10 of Sz, depression, etc. Found that Sz was more frequently diagnosed using the ICD-10.

24
Q

what did cooper find out about reliability

A

New York psychatrists were twice as likely to diagnose Sz than london psychatrists who were twice as likely to diagnose mania or depression when shown the same video

25
Q

what is validity

A

extent to which classification measures what it claims to measure

classify a real pattern in symptoms ehich results from a real underlying cause ehich can lead to a suitable treatment

26
Q

what are the 4 types of validity

A

descriptive
predictive
aetiological
concurrent

27
Q

what is descriptive validity

A

symptoms of one dissorder should be different from those of other categories

most patients show comorbidity which raises questions about whether they are separate disorders

28
Q

what did Eysencl find about descriptive validity

A

2/3 of pateints with anxiety disorder have been diagnosed with additional anxiety disorders

29
Q

what is predictive validity

A

if the system identifies a condition that will respond a particular way to a treatment

30
Q

what did Bannister et al find about predictive validity

A

no clear relationship between diagnosis and treatment however since the introduction of the DSM IV form of treatment increasingly depends on diagnosis

31
Q

what is aetiological validity

A

all patients who have the same diagnosis should have delevoped the disorder for the same reason

32
Q

what is concurrent validity

A

the extent to which diagnosis from the two sytems agree with each other
only tells us if the DSM is valid or if the ICD is valid

33
Q

what did Lee find out about concurrent validity

A

see if the DSM IV is vailid in diagnosing ADHD agreed with criteria from questionnaire data in Korea, teacher opinions were associated with the ADHD diagnosis using DSM IV

34
Q

what are the implications for diagnosis

A

if it is valid then it should be possible to predict the prognosis and course of disorder as well as a effective suitable treatment

35
Q

why is it difficult to assess reliability

A

unstructured interviews are not reliable and often used
not all info is gathered
some mental illnesses are hard to diagnose
psychiatrists may be subjective
cultural factors