Classification & Symptoms

Question 1

What are the two systems for classification

Answer 1

1) international ICD-10

2) American DSM-5

Question 2

What’s the main difference in classification criteria between ICD-10 and DSM-5

Answer 2

In DSM-5 there must be a positive symptom whereas ICD-10 2 negative symptoms if enough

Question 3

What’s the the main difference between recognising sub-types between ICD and DSM

Answer 3

ICD recognises sub types between the two whereas DSM does not

Question 4

Define positive symptoms

Answer 4

Atypical symptoms experienced in addition to normal experience

Question 5

Define negative symptoms

Answer 5

Atypical experiences that represent a loss of usual experiences

Question 6

Name 2 positive symptoms

Answer 6

1) hallucinations

2) delusions

Question 7

Describe hallucinations

Answer 7

They can be experienced in relation to any sense

Question 8

Describe delusions

Answer 8

May or may not lead to aggression

Question 9

Name 2 negative symptoms

Answer 9

1) avolition (apathy)

2) speech poverty

Question 10

Deceive avolition

Answer 10

Finding it hard to keep motivated toward goal-directed activity

Question 11

Who identified three signs of avolition and name these

Answer 11

Anderson (1982)

1) poor hygiene and grooming
2) lack of persistence in work or education
3) lack of energy

Question 12

Describe speech poverty

Answer 12

Characterised by changes in patterns of speech. Includes a reduction of quality and quantity of speech as well as a delay in response during conversation

Question 13

What is the DSMs take on speech poverty

Answer 13

Places emphasis on speech disorganisation in which speech becomes incoherent and topic changes mid sentence. This is classed as a positive symptom rather than a negative

Question 14

Define inter-rater reliability

Answer 14

The extent to which two different assessors agree on their assessment

Question 15

Describe study into reliability of diagnosis

Answer 15

Cheniuax et al. (2009)

1) had two psychiatrists independently diagnose 100 patients with both DSM and ICD
2) inter-rater reliability was poor
3) DSM: 26 & 13
4) ICD: 44 & 24
5) poor reliability is a weakness

Question 16

How does the ability study show poor validity

Answer 16

1) validity of a diagnosis is assessed by criterion validity; do different assessment systems arrive at same diagnosis.
2) study clearly shows wither ICD or DSM under or over diagnoses.
3) poor validity

Question 17

Describe co-morbidity

Answer 17

The occurrence of two conditions together. When two conditions are frequently diagnosed together calls into question the validity of classifying two conditions separately

Question 18

Describe study into co-morbidity

Answer 18

Backley et al. (2009)

1) concluded that around 50% of SZ patients also diagnosed with depression, 47% with PTSD
2) 23 % OCD
3) calls into question the difference between the two conditions

Question 19

Symptom overlap reduces validity of diagnosis

Answer 19

1. both SZ and Bipoalar have positive symptoms of delusions and both have negative of avolition
2. Under DSM or ICD some would be diagnosed with SZ and some Bipoalr

Question 20

Gender bias

Answer 20

1. Men have been diagnosed more
2. Could be genetics but could also be gender bias in diagnosis
3. Women better handle family and work relationships so they may be under diagnosed as are better able to cope