Classification of Sz, pos. and neg. symptoms, reliability and validity in diagnosis of Sz Flashcards
define the classification of Sz
- Sz doesnt have a single characteristic, it has a collection of symptoms
- the 2 major classification systems used for mental disorders are the ICD-11 and the DSM-5, these classify sz differently
- e.g the ICD-11 says 2 or more NEG. symptoms (avolition and speech poverty) = you are diagnosed with sz. DSM-5 says 1 POS. symptom (delusions or hallucinations) = sz
- ICD recognises subtypes of sz unlike DSM
define positive symptoms of sz
an additional symptom a person doesnt usually have
what are 2 positive symptoms of sz
hallucinations and delusions
define hallucination
unusual sensory experiences that are unrealistic, e.g auditory hallucinations or visual hallucinations
define delusions
irrational/false beliefs that are unrealistic, makes ppl with sz behave in ways that makes sense to them but looks bizzare to other ppl.
e.g. delusions of persecution (believe ur being harassed) and delusions of control (believe ur being controlled by something external)
define negative symptoms of sz
a loss of usual abilities a person has
what are 2 neg symptoms of sz
avolition and speech poverty
define avolition
severe loss of motivation to carry out everyday tasks. 3 signs of avolition are poor hygiene and grooming, lack of consistency in work/education and lack of energy
define speech poverty
reduction in quantity and quality of speech. e.g delay in speech or lack of fluency during convo
define diagnosis
(not included in essay)
the identification of the nature of an illness by examination of the symptoms. e.g. someone reporting hearing voices
define classification
(not included in essay)
the action or process of classifying something like the classification of disease according to the symptoms e.g symptom of sz is hallucinations
define reliability in diagnosis (3)
(AO1)
- reliability refers to whether we can gain consistent results when classifying and diagnosing sz
- therefore the extent to how diff classification systems would agree on how sz should be classified
- AND the extent to which 2 or more health professionals would agree on the same diagnosis
define validity in diagnosis (3)
(AO1)
- validity refers to accuracy, if we are measuring what we intend to measure
- e.g. are classification systems accurately outlining symptoms of sz
- AND are health professionals accurately diagnosing sz
what is the resarch on reliability and validity into diagnosis of sz?
(AO1)
- 2 psychiatrists diagnosed the same 100 patients using the DSM and ICD
- it was found that 1 psychiatrist diagnosed almost double the amount than the other one
- both psychiatrists diagnosed double the amount using the ICD rather than the DSM, this questions the validity of the diagnosis and shows poor reliability in the classification of sz
what 4 things can affect the validity and reliability of classification and diagnosis of sz?
- symptom overlap
- co morbidity
- culture bias
- gender bias