Classification of Sz, pos. and neg. symptoms, reliability and validity in diagnosis of Sz Flashcards

1
Q

define the classification of Sz

A
  • Sz doesnt have a single characteristic, it has a collection of symptoms
  • the 2 major classification systems used for mental disorders are the ICD-11 and the DSM-5, these classify sz differently
  • e.g the ICD-11 says 2 or more NEG. symptoms (avolition and speech poverty) = you are diagnosed with sz. DSM-5 says 1 POS. symptom (delusions or hallucinations) = sz
  • ICD recognises subtypes of sz unlike DSM
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2
Q

define positive symptoms of sz

A

an additional symptom a person doesnt usually have

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3
Q

what are 2 positive symptoms of sz

A

hallucinations and delusions

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4
Q

define hallucination

A

unusual sensory experiences that are unrealistic, e.g auditory hallucinations or visual hallucinations

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5
Q

define delusions

A

irrational/false beliefs that are unrealistic, makes ppl with sz behave in ways that makes sense to them but looks bizzare to other ppl.

e.g. delusions of persecution (believe ur being harassed) and delusions of control (believe ur being controlled by something external)

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6
Q

define negative symptoms of sz

A

a loss of usual abilities a person has

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7
Q

what are 2 neg symptoms of sz

A

avolition and speech poverty

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8
Q

define avolition

A

severe loss of motivation to carry out everyday tasks. 3 signs of avolition are poor hygiene and grooming, lack of consistency in work/education and lack of energy

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9
Q

define speech poverty

A

reduction in quantity and quality of speech. e.g delay in speech or lack of fluency during convo

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10
Q

define diagnosis
(not included in essay)

A

the identification of the nature of an illness by examination of the symptoms. e.g. someone reporting hearing voices

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11
Q

define classification
(not included in essay)

A

the action or process of classifying something like the classification of disease according to the symptoms e.g symptom of sz is hallucinations

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12
Q

define reliability in diagnosis (3)
(AO1)

A
  • reliability refers to whether we can gain consistent results when classifying and diagnosing sz
  • therefore the extent to how diff classification systems would agree on how sz should be classified
  • AND the extent to which 2 or more health professionals would agree on the same diagnosis
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13
Q

define validity in diagnosis (3)
(AO1)

A
  • validity refers to accuracy, if we are measuring what we intend to measure
  • e.g. are classification systems accurately outlining symptoms of sz
  • AND are health professionals accurately diagnosing sz
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14
Q

what is the resarch on reliability and validity into diagnosis of sz?
(AO1)

A
  • 2 psychiatrists diagnosed the same 100 patients using the DSM and ICD
  • it was found that 1 psychiatrist diagnosed almost double the amount than the other one
  • both psychiatrists diagnosed double the amount using the ICD rather than the DSM, this questions the validity of the diagnosis and shows poor reliability in the classification of sz
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15
Q

what 4 things can affect the validity and reliability of classification and diagnosis of sz?

A
  • symptom overlap
  • co morbidity
  • culture bias
  • gender bias
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16
Q

define symptom overlap

A
  • this is where 2 or more conditions share similar symptoms
  • e.g. sz and dep both share neg symptom of avolition
17
Q

define co - morbidity

A
  • this is where 2 illnesses occur at the same time
  • this is common with sz as it shares common symptoms with dep and ocd e.g lowered mood
  • this is a problem as sz may get misdiagnosed as its harder to identify
18
Q

define gender bias in relation to the validity and reliability of classification and diagnosis of sz

A
  • since 1980s men have been diagnosed with sz more than women
  • this may be because men are more genetically vulnerable to developing sz
  • or it could be because females with sz typically function better than men, e.g being more likely to work or have good family relationships
19
Q

define culture bias in relation to the validity and reliability of classification and diagnosis of sz

A
  • english ppl of african origin are more likely to be diagnosed with sz in the uk
  • this may be because some bhvs that are normal in african cultures may be classed as pos. symptoms of sz in the uk
20
Q

what are the explanations for sz?

A
  • biological exp
  • psychological exp
21
Q

what are the 2 psychological explanations of sz?

A
  • family dysfunction
  • cognitive exp