Classification of Injuries Flashcards
Compressive Force
A force which produces a crushing or squeezing type of force resulting in soft tissue or bony injury
Tension Force
A force which pulls or stretches tissue or bone in the opposite direction
Shear Force
A force parallel to a plane passing through the object which tends to cause sliding or displacement
Inflammation
Is the fundamental reaction designed to Protect, Localize, and Rid the body of injured tissue in preparation for healing and repair
S.H.A.R.P
Swelling
Heat
Altered Function
Redness
Pain
I.C.E.R
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Rest
Contusion
A bruise/hematoma
- Can involve soft tissue or bone
- Categorized by degree of severity
Periostitis
The inflammation of the covering of a bone
- Often appears as skin rigidity of the overlying muscles
Myositis Ossificans
An inflammatory disease of a muscle marked by a bony deposit within the muscle in response to trauma
Ecchymosis
The escape of blood into the tissue from ruptured blood vessels
Intermuscular Hematoma
Swelling between the muscles
- swelling able to move and there is great potential for colour
Etiology:
- Direct blow
- Contact with an opponent or an object
Intramuscular Hematoma
Swelling deep to fascia and the surrounding muscle
- hard to break up because the swelling is well confined
Etiology:
- Direct blow
- Contact with an opponent or an object
Sprain
The stretching or tearing of the supporting connective tissues including the joint capsule and supporting ligaments
Etiology:
- Direct trauma
- Indirect trauma to a joint causing stress on the ligaments
First Degree Sprain
Signs/Symptoms
- Slight if any swelling
- Transitory pain at the time of the injury
- Mild point tenderness (size of a dime)
- Little to no discolouration
- Transitory loss of function primarily due to SHARP
- Stress of ligament causes pain but little laxity
Second Degree Sprain
Signs/Symptoms
- Moderate to severe swelling
- Moderate to severe pain
- Localized tenderness
- Discolouration
- Loss of function
- Stress of ligament causes pain and some degree of laxity but with a stoppage or ‘End Feel’ of the ligament
Third Degree Sprain
Signs/Symptoms
- Moderate to severe swellign
- Severe pain at time of injury (possible no pain)
- Diffuse palpable tenderness
- Ecchymosis
- Loss of function
- Stress of ligaments shows complete loss of joint stability
Strains
Local tissue trauma to the muscle, musculotendinous unit or the muscle tendon from an excessive forcible contraction of overstretch
First Degree Strain
Signs/Symptoms
- Slight Swelling
- Pain is localized
- Slight loss of Strength
- Slight loss of flexibility
- Little or no discolouration
Second Degree Strain
Signs/Symptoms
- Measurable swelling
- Indefinable pain (General)
- Moderate loss of strength (graded)
- Moderate loss of flexibility
- Obvious discolouration
Third Degree Strain
Signs/Symptoms
- Visible, apparent swelling
- Severe pain
- Complete loss of range of motion or excessive motion
- Obvious discolouration
- Muscle bunching
- Athlete will hear snap
Circumference
The measurement of girth and swelling at and around a joint
Extensibility
Placing the affected muscle on stretch
The degree of pain and restriction is an indicator of the severity of the injury
Contractibility
Testing for a weakness in muscle where the muscle cannot contract sufficiently
Dislocations
Result from forces causing the joint to go beyond the joints normal anatomical limits
Subluxations
Partial dislocations which spontaneously reduce themselves
Neuropraxia
The mildest form of nerve injury with little to no disruption of the nerve sheath and the axon remains intact
Signs/Symptoms
- Numbness and tingling
- Weakness and atrophy
Axonotmesis
Disruption of the axon and surrounding endoneurial sheath
Temporary paralysis –> nerve will regenerate up to 80%
Neurotmesis
Damage to most of the nerve structures including; the axon, the myelin and the surrounding connective tissue
Recovery is poor - 30-40%
Fracture
A complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of an excessive external force
Salter-Harris Fracture
A fracture near or through the epiphysis or epiphyseal plate and can affect a growing bone
Closed Fracture
There is a break in the bone with or without deformity, but the skin has not been penetrated
Open Fracture
The bone is protruding through the skin
Greenstick Fracture
Incomplete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified, such as the bones of adolescents
Comminuted Fracture
Fracture that consists of three or more fragments at the fracture site
Linear Fracture
The bone splits along its length
Transverse Fracture
Occur in a straight line, more or less at right angles to the bone shaft
Oblique Fracture
Occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other end is fixed
Spiral Fracture
Fractures that have an S-shaped separation
Impacted Fracture
Long bone to receive, directly on its axis, a force of such magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed
Avulsion Fracture
The separation of a bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon
Blowout Fracture
Occur to the wall of the eye orbit as a result of a blow to the eye
Serrated Fracture
The two bony fragments have a saw-tooth, sharp-edged fracture line
Depressed Fracture
Occur most often in flat bones, such as those found in the skull
Contrecoup Fracture
Occur on the side opposite the point at which trauma was initiated
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Occur when a fragment of cartilage and underlying bone detach from the articular surface of the bone resulting in the fragment moving around the joint and potentially “locking” the joint in flexion or extension
The Ottawa Ankle Rules
Ankle X-ray only required if pain by palpation occurs in:
- The distal malleolar region
- The base of the fifth metatarsal
- The navicular bone
- Unable to weight bear
