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Bio 459 > Classification of Infectious Agents: Prokaryotes Part 2 > Flashcards

Classification of Infectious Agents: Prokaryotes Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Proteobacteria

A 
From the mythological Greek god Proteus, who
could assume many shapes
• Gram-negative
• Chemoheterotrophic
• Largest taxonomic group of bacteria
• Five classes mainly defined on the basis of 16S
rRNA sequences V2 region 
100-200 nucleotides
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2
Q

The Alphaproteobacteria

A

Most are capable of growing with very low levels
of nutrients
• Many have stalks or buds known as prosthecae

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3
Q

Pelagibacter

A 
Pelagibacter
• One of the most abundant microorganisms in oceans
• Extremely small
• Advantage in low-nutrient environments
• Important role in Earth's carbon cycle
• Closely related to mitochondrion 16S rRNA
-The Alphaproteobacteria
Used to be called SAR 11 - 1990 
Gene that was retreived from Saargasso 
16s rRNA gene 
Cultured in 2006

Example of bact that was known as uncultured bacteria abd then eventually grown

Closely matched to mitochondrion
Its between riketsia and _ rit is pathogenic

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4
Q

Rickettsia

A 
Obligate intracellular parasites
• Cause spotted fevers
• R. prowazekii: epidemic typhus
• R. typhi: endemic murine typhus
• R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Transmitted by insect and tick bites
-Alphaproteobacteria
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5
Q

Ehrlichia

A

Transmitted by tick
• Cause ehrlichiosis
-Alphaproteobacteria

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6
Q

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium

A

Fix nitrogen in the roots of leguminous plants
• Known by the common name of rhizobia
Rib does not infect, creats symbiosis
Alphaproteobacteria

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7
Q

Agrobacterium

A

Plant pathogen; causes crown gall
• Inserts a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
Agro - useful for vector in gene plamt
Alphaproteobacteria

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8
Q

Bartonella

A

Human pathogen
• B. henselae: cat-scratch disease
- The Alphaproteobacteria

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9
Q

Brucella

A 
Obligate parasite of mammals; survives phagocytosis
• Causes brucellosis
Brucella- human disease
Notifiable, 7-20/year, Rate = 0.03
- The Alphaproteobacteria
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10
Q

Burkholderia

A

• B. cepacia: degrades more than 100 organic molecules
• B. pseudomallei: causes meliodosis
- Betaproteobacteria

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11
Q

Bordetella

A

Non-motile rods
• B. pertussis: causes whooping cough

Pertussis - Notifiable, 700-4000 cases, rate= 2-13/1000

- Controlled with vaccine
- Vax called DTap - The Betaproteobacteria
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12
Q

Neisseria

A

N. gonorrhoeae: cause of gonorrhoea
Gon - notafiable , 11,000-29K, rate: 30-300/100,000

N. meningitidis: cause of meningococcal meningitis

  • The Betaproteobacteria
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13
Q

Zoogloea

A

Important in the activity of the activated sludge system

- The Betaproteobacteria

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14
Q

Gammaproteobacteria

A

Gamma- largest class of protieobact

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15
Q

Beggiatoa

A

Grows in aquatic sediments
• Chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S to S0 for energy
Gammaproteobacteria

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16
Q

F. tularensis

A

causes tularemia
Notifiable , number of cases, 4-13cases/year rate 0.01-0.03/100kk
- Can be used as a weppon

Gammaproteobacteria

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17
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Opportunistic pathogens; nosocomial infections
• Metabolically diverse
• Polar flagella; common in soil
• P. aeruginosa: wound and urinary tract infections
Gammaproteobacteria

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18
Q

Moraxella

A

M. lacunata: causes conjunctivitis

Gammaproteobacteria

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19
Q

Acinetobacter

A

A. baumanii: respiratory pathogen; resistant to antibiotics

Gammaproteobacteria

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20
Q

Legionella

A

• Found in streams, warm-water pipes, and cooling towers
• Causes legionellosis
notifiable 200-480 cases year rtae 0.5-2/100K
Gammaproteobacteria

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21
Q

• Coxiella

A

• C. burnetii: causes Q fever; transmitted via aerosols or
milk
Gammaproteobacteria

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22
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

causes cholera
Vib chol- notifiable , 40-11., 0-.11 rate
- dihareaa
Gammaproteobacteria

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23
Q

V. parahaemolyticus

A

causes gastroenteritis

Gammaproteobacteria

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24
Q

E. coli:

A

indicator of fecal contamination; causes foodborne
disease and urinary tract infections
• Strain O157:H7 and many othersEcoli verotoxigenic - notifiable 544-819, rate 1.6-3
Gammaproteobacteria

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25
Q

Salmonella

A

2400 serovars
• Common form of foodborne illness
• Salmonella enterica Var Typhi causes typhoid fever
notifable
- Typoid notifiable , 120-190 cases, 0.2-.6
- Salmonell notifiable 6100-7800, rate 15-21
Gammaproteobacteria

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26
Q

Shigella

A
  • Most severe is dysenterne
    Sonnei -much milder
    Causes bacillary dysentery
    Gammaproteobacteria
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27
Q

Klebsiella

A

K. pneumoniae causes pneumonia

Gammaproteobacteria

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28
Q

Serratia

A

Produces red pigment
• Common cause of nosocomial infections
Gammaproteobacteria

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29
Q

Proteus

A

Swarming motility; colonies form concentric rings
• Proteus mirabilis causes 90% of proteus infection
linked to utis, and nosocomal diseases
Gammaproteobacteria

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30
Q

Yersinia

A

• Y. pestis causes plague
• Transmitted via fleas
notifiable, 0 cases,
Gammaproteobacteria

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31
Q

Erwinia

A

Plant pathogens

32
Q

Enterobacter

A

• E. cloacae and E. aerogenes cause urinary tract
infections and nosocomial infections
Gammaproteobacteria

33
Q

Cronobacter

A

Cronobacter- used to be an enterobacter but studeis have shown they are diffeent
Discovered in 2007
• C. sakazakii causes meningitis; found in a variety of
environments and foods
Gammaproteobacteria

34
Q

Pasteurella

A

Pathogen of domestic animals
• P. multocida is transmitted to humans via animal bites
Gammaproteobacteria

35
Q

Haemophilus

A

• Require X factor (heme) and V factor (NAD+, NADP+) in
media
• H. influenzae causes meningitis, earaches, and epiglottitis
• Different serotypes. Vaccine against Serotype b is part of
children vaccination in BC and Canada. Non-b serotypes
are increasing
otifiable, there is a vaccine
- Can caue menengitts
- Dif serotypes
- Vaccine called HIB since serotype B
- Number of casses 17-33/year rate = 0.03-.1/100k
We vaccinate to avoid the diease
Gammaproteobacteria

36
Q

Fastidious

A

difficult for bacteria to grow, rewuire a lot of substanece and low media will not cut it

37
Q

Myxococcales

A

Myxo = mucus
• Move by gliding and leave a slime trail
• Cells aggregate and form a fruiting body containing
myxospores
Deltaproteobacteria

38
Q

Deltaproteobacteria

A

have no known pathogens

39
Q

Epsilonproteobacteria

A

Helical or curved; microaerophilic

40
Q

Campylobacter

A 
• One polar flagellum
• C. jejuni causes foodborne intestinal disease
notifiable 
	- 9000-10K a year
	- Rate = 25-30/100K
Epsilonproteobacteria
41
Q

Helicobacter

A

Multiple flagella
• Cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
Epsilonproteobacteria

42
Q

Chlamydiae

A

No peptidoglycan in the cell wall; grow
intracellularly
Form an elementary body that is infective

43
Q

Chlamydia

A

Clamidya - ntoifiabke , cases: 94K-126K, rate 295-370
- Largest cases per year
Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and urethritis

44
Q

Chlamydophila

A

Chlamydophila psittaci causes respiratory psittacosis

45
Q

Planctomycetes

A

Gemmata obscuriglobus has a membrane around
DNA resembling a eukaryotic nucleus
No pathogens in this phylum

Has a membrane around nucleoid which is unusak and unique for bacteria and is nto like the classical rep of. A eukar

46
Q

Bacteroidetes

A

Anaerobic
• Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine
• Cytophaga degrade cellulose in soil
The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria

47
Q

Fusobacteria

A

• Anaerobic
• Are found in the mouth; cause dental abscesses
• Fusobacterium nucleatum, F. periodonticum
• Normal inhabitant of oral cavity
The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria

48
Q

Spirochaetes

A

• Coiled and move via axial filaments

49
Q

Treponema

A

• T. pallidum causes syphilis
Syph- noti diease 2800-5800, rate 8-30
Spirochaetes

50
Q

Borrelia

A

• B. burgdorferi causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease
oti- 105-1600 , rate 3-5
Has a liner genome one of few
Spirochaetes

51
Q

• Leptospira

A

Animal pathogen excreted in animal urine
• Can be transmitted to humans
• Cause leptospirosis

Spirochaetes

52
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans

A

• More resistant to radiation than endospores

Deinococci

53
Q

• Thermus aquaticus

A

Found in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park
• Source of Taq polymerase
Deinococci

54
Q

Deinococci

A

Nno path in tgis physkm

55
Q

Clostridiales

A

Clostridium (more than 150 species described: most soil
bacteria, many free N fixers)
• Endospore-producing
• Obligate anaerobes
• Includes disease-causing C. tetani, C. botulinum, C.
perfringens, and C. difficile
Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)

56
Q

disease-causing Clostridiales

A

C. tetani, C. botulinum, C.

perfringens, and C. difficile

57
Q

C. tetani

A

etini- Notifiabil, 4-6 cases , rate 0.003-0.01/ year

- toxoid vaxxine
- soil
58
Q

C. botulinum

A

otu- botulism, notifiable, 4-12 cases a tyear, rate 0.01-.02
food

59
Q

C. difficile

A

Cdif- nosocomial , notifiable, 700-8K, rate 62-104

60
Q

• Epulopiscium

A

Can be seen with the unaided eye
• Daughter cells form within the parent cell; no binary
fission
Epu- largest backeria discovererd
Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)

61
Q

Bacillales

A

Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)

62
Q

• Bacillus

A

Endospore-producing rods
• B. anthracis causes anthrax
- Notifiable , 0 cases
• B. cereus causes food poisoning

63
Q

• Staphylococcus

A

Grapelike clusters
• S. aureus causes wound infections, is often antibiotic
resistant, and produces an enterotoxin
• Bacillales

64
Q

Listeria

A

• L. monocytogenes contaminates food. Can cause
meningitis
Listeria- Notifiable , 120-190 cases yaer, rate0.3-0.5/100k
• Bacillales

65
Q

• Lactobacillales

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes; produce lactic acid from simple
carbohydrates
• Lactobacillus colonize the body and are used
commercially in food production

66
Q

Streptococcus

A

Spherical in chains
• Produce enzymes that destroy tissue
• Beta-hemolytic streptococci hemolyze blood agar;
includes S. pyogenes
• Non-beta-hemolytic streptococci include S. pneumoniae
and S. mutans, which causes dental caries

Lactobacillales

67
Q

Enterococcus

A

Found in intestinal tract; hospital contaminants
• E. faecalis and E. faecium infect surgical wounds and the
urinary trac
Lactobacillales

68
Q

Mycoplasmatales

A

Lack a cell wall; pleomorphic

• Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes mild pneumonia

69
Q

Mycobacterium

A 
Outermost layer of mycolic acids that is waxy and waterresistant
• Often slow-growing
• M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
• M. leprae causes leprosy
Both notifiabe;
Tb - 1500-2000, rate 5
Lepre- 1-12, rate .003-.1
70
Q

Corynebacterium

A

• C. diphtheriae causes diphtheria

Dipth- notifiable, 1-2 cases, rate 0.001

71
Q

Propionibacterium

A

Forms propionic acid

• P. acnes causes acne

72
Q

Gardnerella

A

• G. vaginalis causes vaginitis

73
Q

Streptomyces

A

• Isolated from soil; produce most antibiotics

74
Q

Actinomyces

A

• Form filaments in the mouth and throat; destroy tissue

75
Q

Nocardia

A

Form fragmenting filaments; acid-fast

• N. asteroides causes pulmonary infections

Bio 459 (7 decks)

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