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Bio 459 > Classification of Infectious Agents: Prokaryotes Part 2 > Flashcards

Classification of Infectious Agents: Prokaryotes Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Proteobacteria

A 
From the mythological Greek god Proteus, who
could assume many shapes
• Gram-negative
• Chemoheterotrophic
• Largest taxonomic group of bacteria
• Five classes mainly defined on the basis of 16S
rRNA sequences V2 region 
100-200 nucleotides
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2
Q

The Alphaproteobacteria

A

Most are capable of growing with very low levels
of nutrients
• Many have stalks or buds known as prosthecae

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3
Q

Pelagibacter

A 
Pelagibacter
• One of the most abundant microorganisms in oceans
• Extremely small
• Advantage in low-nutrient environments
• Important role in Earth's carbon cycle
• Closely related to mitochondrion 16S rRNA
-The Alphaproteobacteria
Used to be called SAR 11 - 1990 
Gene that was retreived from Saargasso 
16s rRNA gene 
Cultured in 2006

Example of bact that was known as uncultured bacteria abd then eventually grown

Closely matched to mitochondrion
Its between riketsia and _ rit is pathogenic

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4
Q

Rickettsia

A 
Obligate intracellular parasites
• Cause spotted fevers
• R. prowazekii: epidemic typhus
• R. typhi: endemic murine typhus
• R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Transmitted by insect and tick bites
-Alphaproteobacteria
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5
Q

Ehrlichia

A

Transmitted by tick
• Cause ehrlichiosis
-Alphaproteobacteria

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6
Q

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium

A

Fix nitrogen in the roots of leguminous plants
• Known by the common name of rhizobia
Rib does not infect, creats symbiosis
Alphaproteobacteria

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7
Q

Agrobacterium

A

Plant pathogen; causes crown gall
• Inserts a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
Agro - useful for vector in gene plamt
Alphaproteobacteria

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8
Q

Bartonella

A

Human pathogen
• B. henselae: cat-scratch disease
- The Alphaproteobacteria

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9
Q

Brucella

A 
Obligate parasite of mammals; survives phagocytosis
• Causes brucellosis
Brucella- human disease
Notifiable, 7-20/year, Rate = 0.03
- The Alphaproteobacteria
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10
Q

Burkholderia

A

• B. cepacia: degrades more than 100 organic molecules
• B. pseudomallei: causes meliodosis
- Betaproteobacteria

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11
Q

Bordetella

A

Non-motile rods
• B. pertussis: causes whooping cough

Pertussis - Notifiable, 700-4000 cases, rate= 2-13/1000

- Controlled with vaccine
- Vax called DTap - The Betaproteobacteria
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12
Q

Neisseria

A

N. gonorrhoeae: cause of gonorrhoea
Gon - notafiable , 11,000-29K, rate: 30-300/100,000

N. meningitidis: cause of meningococcal meningitis

  • The Betaproteobacteria
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13
Q

Zoogloea

A

Important in the activity of the activated sludge system

- The Betaproteobacteria

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14
Q

Gammaproteobacteria

A

Gamma- largest class of protieobact

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15
Q

Beggiatoa

A

Grows in aquatic sediments
• Chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S to S0 for energy
Gammaproteobacteria

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16
Q

F. tularensis

A

causes tularemia
Notifiable , number of cases, 4-13cases/year rate 0.01-0.03/100kk
- Can be used as a weppon

Gammaproteobacteria

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17
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Opportunistic pathogens; nosocomial infections
• Metabolically diverse
• Polar flagella; common in soil
• P. aeruginosa: wound and urinary tract infections
Gammaproteobacteria

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18
Q

Moraxella

A

M. lacunata: causes conjunctivitis

Gammaproteobacteria

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19
Q

Acinetobacter

A

A. baumanii: respiratory pathogen; resistant to antibiotics

Gammaproteobacteria

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20
Q

Legionella

A

• Found in streams, warm-water pipes, and cooling towers
• Causes legionellosis
notifiable 200-480 cases year rtae 0.5-2/100K
Gammaproteobacteria

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21
Q

• Coxiella

A

• C. burnetii: causes Q fever; transmitted via aerosols or
milk
Gammaproteobacteria

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22
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

causes cholera
Vib chol- notifiable , 40-11., 0-.11 rate
- dihareaa
Gammaproteobacteria

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23
Q

V. parahaemolyticus

A

causes gastroenteritis

Gammaproteobacteria

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24
Q

E. coli:

A

indicator of fecal contamination; causes foodborne
disease and urinary tract infections
• Strain O157:H7 and many othersEcoli verotoxigenic - notifiable 544-819, rate 1.6-3
Gammaproteobacteria

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25
Salmonella
2400 serovars • Common form of foodborne illness • Salmonella enterica Var Typhi causes typhoid fever notifable - Typoid notifiable , 120-190 cases, 0.2-.6 - Salmonell notifiable 6100-7800, rate 15-21 Gammaproteobacteria
26
Shigella
- Most severe is dysenterne Sonnei -much milder Causes bacillary dysentery Gammaproteobacteria
27
Klebsiella
K. pneumoniae causes pneumonia | Gammaproteobacteria
28
Serratia
Produces red pigment • Common cause of nosocomial infections Gammaproteobacteria
29
Proteus
Swarming motility; colonies form concentric rings • Proteus mirabilis causes 90% of proteus infection linked to utis, and nosocomal diseases Gammaproteobacteria
30
Yersinia
• Y. pestis causes plague • Transmitted via fleas notifiable, 0 cases, Gammaproteobacteria
31
Erwinia
Plant pathogens
32
Enterobacter
• E. cloacae and E. aerogenes cause urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections Gammaproteobacteria
33
Cronobacter
Cronobacter- used to be an enterobacter but studeis have shown they are diffeent Discovered in 2007 • C. sakazakii causes meningitis; found in a variety of environments and foods Gammaproteobacteria
34
Pasteurella
Pathogen of domestic animals • P. multocida is transmitted to humans via animal bites Gammaproteobacteria
35
Haemophilus
• Require X factor (heme) and V factor (NAD+, NADP+) in media • H. influenzae causes meningitis, earaches, and epiglottitis • Different serotypes. Vaccine against Serotype b is part of children vaccination in BC and Canada. Non-b serotypes are increasing otifiable, there is a vaccine - Can caue menengitts - Dif serotypes - Vaccine called HIB since serotype B - Number of casses 17-33/year rate = 0.03-.1/100k We vaccinate to avoid the diease Gammaproteobacteria
36
Fastidious
difficult for bacteria to grow, rewuire a lot of substanece and low media will not cut it
37
Myxococcales
Myxo = mucus • Move by gliding and leave a slime trail • Cells aggregate and form a fruiting body containing myxospores Deltaproteobacteria
38
Deltaproteobacteria
have no known pathogens
39
Epsilonproteobacteria
Helical or curved; microaerophilic
40
Campylobacter
``` • One polar flagellum • C. jejuni causes foodborne intestinal disease notifiable - 9000-10K a year - Rate = 25-30/100K Epsilonproteobacteria ```
41
Helicobacter
Multiple flagella • Cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer Epsilonproteobacteria
42
Chlamydiae
No peptidoglycan in the cell wall; grow intracellularly Form an elementary body that is infective
43
Chlamydia
Clamidya - ntoifiabke , cases: 94K-126K, rate 295-370 - Largest cases per year Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma and urethritis
44
Chlamydophila
Chlamydophila psittaci causes respiratory psittacosis
45
Planctomycetes
Gemmata obscuriglobus has a membrane around DNA resembling a eukaryotic nucleus No pathogens in this phylum Has a membrane around nucleoid which is unusak and unique for bacteria and is nto like the classical rep of. A eukar
46
Bacteroidetes
Anaerobic • Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine • Cytophaga degrade cellulose in soil The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
47
Fusobacteria
• Anaerobic • Are found in the mouth; cause dental abscesses • Fusobacterium nucleatum, F. periodonticum • Normal inhabitant of oral cavity The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria
48
Spirochaetes
• Coiled and move via axial filaments
49
Treponema
• T. pallidum causes syphilis Syph- noti diease 2800-5800, rate 8-30 Spirochaetes
50
Borrelia
• B. burgdorferi causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease oti- 105-1600 , rate 3-5 Has a liner genome one of few Spirochaetes
51
• Leptospira
Animal pathogen excreted in animal urine • Can be transmitted to humans • Cause leptospirosis Spirochaetes
52
Deinococcus radiodurans
• More resistant to radiation than endospores | Deinococci
53
• Thermus aquaticus
Found in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park • Source of Taq polymerase Deinococci
54
Deinococci
Nno path in tgis physkm
55
Clostridiales
Clostridium (more than 150 species described: most soil bacteria, many free N fixers) • Endospore-producing • Obligate anaerobes • Includes disease-causing C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)
56
disease-causing Clostridiales
C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. | perfringens, and C. difficile
57
C. tetani
etini- Notifiabil, 4-6 cases , rate 0.003-0.01/ year - toxoid vaxxine - soil
58
C. botulinum
otu- botulism, notifiable, 4-12 cases a tyear, rate 0.01-.02 food
59
C. difficile
Cdif- nosocomial , notifiable, 700-8K, rate 62-104
60
• Epulopiscium
Can be seen with the unaided eye • Daughter cells form within the parent cell; no binary fission Epu- largest backeria discovererd Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)
61
Bacillales
Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria)
62
• Bacillus
Endospore-producing rods • B. anthracis causes anthrax - Notifiable , 0 cases • B. cereus causes food poisoning
63
• Staphylococcus
Grapelike clusters • S. aureus causes wound infections, is often antibiotic resistant, and produces an enterotoxin • Bacillales
64
Listeria
• L. monocytogenes contaminates food. Can cause meningitis Listeria- Notifiable , 120-190 cases yaer, rate0.3-0.5/100k • Bacillales
65
• Lactobacillales
Aerotolerant anaerobes; produce lactic acid from simple carbohydrates • Lactobacillus colonize the body and are used commercially in food production
66
Streptococcus
Spherical in chains • Produce enzymes that destroy tissue • Beta-hemolytic streptococci hemolyze blood agar; includes S. pyogenes • Non-beta-hemolytic streptococci include S. pneumoniae and S. mutans, which causes dental caries Lactobacillales
67
Enterococcus
Found in intestinal tract; hospital contaminants • E. faecalis and E. faecium infect surgical wounds and the urinary trac Lactobacillales
68
Mycoplasmatales
Lack a cell wall; pleomorphic | • Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes mild pneumonia
69
Mycobacterium
``` Outermost layer of mycolic acids that is waxy and waterresistant • Often slow-growing • M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis • M. leprae causes leprosy Both notifiabe; Tb - 1500-2000, rate 5 Lepre- 1-12, rate .003-.1 ```
70
Corynebacterium
• C. diphtheriae causes diphtheria | Dipth- notifiable, 1-2 cases, rate 0.001
71
Propionibacterium
Forms propionic acid | • P. acnes causes acne
72
Gardnerella
• G. vaginalis causes vaginitis
73
Streptomyces
• Isolated from soil; produce most antibiotics
74
Actinomyces
• Form filaments in the mouth and throat; destroy tissue
75
Nocardia
Form fragmenting filaments; acid-fast | • N. asteroides causes pulmonary infections

Bio 459 (7 decks)

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