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Bio 459 > Classification of infectious agents (part 1) > Flashcards

Classification of infectious agents (part 1) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

is the science of classifying organisms

• Shows degree of similarity among organisms

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2
Q

Systematics, or phylogeny

A

is the study of the

evolutionary history of organisms

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3
Q

1735: Linnaeus

A

—kingdoms Plantae and Animalia

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4
Q

1800s

A

Bacteria and fungi put in kingdom Plantae
(Nägeli); Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria,
protozoa, algae, and fungi (Haeckel)

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5
Q

1937

A

Prokaryote introduced to distinguish cells

without a nucleus

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6
Q

1968 Murray

A

—Kingdom Prokaryotae

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7
Q

• 1969: Whittaker—

A

five-kingdom system

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8
Q

The Three Domains

A 
• Developed by Woese in 1978; based on
sequences of nucleotides in rRNA
• Eukarya
• Animals, plants, fungi
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Methanogens
• Extreme halophiles
• Hyperthermophiles
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9
Q

A Phylogenetic Tree

A 
Grouping organisms according to common
properties
• Fossils
• Genomes
Groups of organisms evolved from a common
ancestor
Each species retains some characteristics of
its ancestor
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10
Q

In Bergey’s Manual, name of genus…

A

s at the beginning of each

article

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11
Q

The Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

A series of subdivisions developed by Linnaeus to

classify plants and animals

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12
Q

Eukaryotic species

A

a group of closely related

organisms that breed among themselves

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13
Q

3 domain of life

A

arch,bact eul

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14
Q

how many dif phylums does bacteria have.

A

24

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15
Q

how many different classes does proteobacteria have

A

5 defined by 16s rna

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16
Q

Culture

A

: bacteria grown in laboratory media

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17
Q

Clone

A

population of cells derived from a single parent

cell

18
Q

Strain

A

genetically different cells within a species
• (In biology strain is a low-level taxonomic rank below
the rank of species)

19
Q

Logical steps in classification

A 
Collection of data. The bacterial strains that are to be classified
have to be chosen, and they must be examined for a number of
relevant properties (taxonomic characteristics).

• 2. Data must be coded.

• 3. Similarity or resemblance between the strains is calculated. This
yields a table of similarities (similarity matrix) based on the chosen
set of characters.

• 4. Similarities are analyzed for taxonomic structure, to yield the groups
or clusters that are present, and the strains are arranged into phenons
(phenetic groups), which are broadly equated with taxonomic group
(taxa)

• 5. Properties of the phenons can be tabulated and most appropriate
characters (diagnostic characters) can be chosen on which to set up
identification systems that will allow the best identification of additional
strains.

20
Q

Classification of Viruses

A

Not a part of any domain; not composed of cells;

require a host cell

21
Q

Viral species:

A

population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular
ecological niche

22
Q

New ICTV classification system (2019)

A

New classifciation system - 15 rank
Now classe and phylums are now added
Keep in mind baltimore classification

23
Q

Herpes Virus in New Classification

A

Herpes simplex 1 & 2, Varicellovirus (chickenpox)
• Fam: Herpesviridae
• Order: Herpesvirales
• Class: Herviviricetes
• Phylum: Peploviricota
• Kingdom: Heungongvirae
• Realm: Duplodnaviria (dsDNA) (class I of Baltimore classification)

24
Q

Influenza Virus in New Classification

A 
Influenza A virus
• Fam: Orthomyxoviridae
• Order: Articulavirales
• Class: Insthoviricetes
• Phylum:Negarnaviricota ((-) ssRNA) (class V of Baltimore)
• Kingdom: Orthonavirae
• Realm: Ribioviria (RNA viruses)
25
Q

Classification

A

placing organisms in groups of
related species
• Lists of characteristics of known organisms

26
Q

Identification

A

matching characteristics of an
“unknown” organism to lists of known organisms
• Clinical lab identification

27
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

A

provides identification schemes for identifying

bacteria and archaea

28
Q

Approved Lists of Bacterial Names

A

lists species of

known classification

29
Q

Transport media

A

is used to collect and transport

pathogens to a laboratory

30
Q

how many phylums are pathogenic?

A

5/24

31
Q

Morphological characteristics

A

useful for identifying
eukaryotes; tell little about phylogenetic
relationships

32
Q

Differential staining:

A

Gram staining, acid-fast

staining; not useful for bacteria without cell walls

33
Q

Biochemical tests

A

determine presence of bacterial enzymes

34
Q

FAME

A

Fatty acid methyl esters provide profiles

that are constant for a particular species

35
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an
organism’s DNA
• Comparing fragments from different organisms provides
information on genetic similarities and differences

36
Q

DNA Chips

A

A DNA chip (also known as a microarray)
contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by
hybridization between the probe and DNA in the
sample
• Detected by fluorescence

37
Q

Ribotyping

A

• Probing bacterial genome with 16S rRNA gene probe

38
Q

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

A

Fluorescent DNA or RNA probes stain the
microorganisms being targeted
• Determines the identity, abundance, and relative activity
of microorganisms in an environment

39
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

Identification keys based on successive questions

40
Q

Cladograms

A

Maps that show evolutionary relationships among

organisms; based on rRNA sequences

Bio 459 (7 decks)

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