Classification + Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity:-

A

A measure of the number of different species and the number of individuals in each species in a given environment.

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2
Q

Species:-

A

A group of organisms with a large number of common characteristics and could be interbred to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

Spacial biodiversity variation:-

A

Biodiversity generally increases moving towards the equator with the greatest biodiversity found in the tropics. Tropical rain forests and coral reefs = most diverse habitats in world.

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4
Q

Biodiversity variation over time:-

A

Can increase or decrease due to:-
Sucession
Natural selection
Human influence

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5
Q

Sucession(3):-

A
  • Over time a community of organisms changes its habitat, making it more suitable for other species.
  • This change in composition of a community over time is called succession.
  • It increases animal biodiversity but ultimately decreases plant biodiversity.
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6
Q

Human influence on ocean biodiversity:-

A

Over fishing has depleted fish stocks.

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7
Q

Human influence on tropical rainforest biodiversity:-

A

Deforestation for farming, roads and industry has destroyed habitats.

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8
Q

Human land misuse influence on biodiversity:-

A

Trampling by cattle w/ increased temp due to climate change has increased area of deserts.

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9
Q

Human pollution influence on biodiversity:-

A

Rivers poluted with industrial chemicals e.g. Yangtze River Dolphin extinct in 2006.

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10
Q

Significance of biodiversity:-

A
  • A small number of plant species provide staple foods e.g. wheat and rice.
  • Living organisms provide important raw materials e.g. rubber/cotton.
  • medicinal drugs are derived from plants and fungi e.g. digoxin for heart disease comes from digitalis (foxglove).
  • As biodiversity decreases, we lose potential undiscovered resources.
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11
Q

3 levels of assessing biodiversity:-

A

Habitat level- counting no. of individuals and species.
Genetic level-examining genes.
Molecular level- examining DNA and proteins.

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12
Q

Genetic level assessing:-

A

Examining all the alleles in the gene pool of a population rather than individuals

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13
Q

Gene pool:1

A

All the different alleles of all the diff genes in a population. No of different alleles in pool of species = genetic diversity.

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14
Q

Gene locus:-

A

A gene’s position on a chromosome

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15
Q

Polymorphic genes:-

A

More than 1 allele at the same locus.

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16
Q

Polymorphism:-

A

The occurrence of more than 1 phenotype in a population that cannot be caused by mutations.

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17
Q

Sampling techniques:-

A

Quadrats
Transects
Sweep nets
Kick sampling in a stream.

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18
Q

Simpson’s diversity index:-

A

Gives value between 0 and 1. Higher value= higher biodiversity.

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19
Q

Molecular level assessing:-

A

Done using DNA sample fingerprinting and sequencing. Sometimes base sequence mutations occur, giving rise to non-coding sequences that give a unique DNA fingerprint. Can accumulate across generations, giving rise to a quite different DNA profile. Comparing these in different organisms shows how closely related they are. Greater difference= greater biodiversity.

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20
Q

DNA fingerprint/profile:-

A

Terms for a pattern unique for each individual, related to the base sequence of their DNA.

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21
Q

Natural selection:-

A

The gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population, in response to the environment determining the breeding success of individuals possessing those characteristics.
Theorised as reason for evolution by Darwin in 1859.

22
Q

Natural selection stages(6):-

Mario Very Cleanly Sprints Really Pacily

A
Mutation.
Variation.
Competitive advantage.
Survival of the fittest.
Reproduction.
Pass advantageous alleles onto offspring.
23
Q

Adaptation:-

A

The changes in species, as a useful characteristic becomes more common.
Specific characteristic = adaptive trait.

24
Q

Adaptation types:-

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioural

25
Q

Classification:-

A

The arrangement of organisms into discrete and hierarchical groups with other closely related species.

26
Q

Taxonomy:1

A

The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms.

27
Q

Phylogenetic tree:-

A

Shows evolutionary history of diff species and indicates common ancestors and lines of descent. Closer branches= more recent point of divergence from common ancestor and therefore, the closer the evolutionary relationships.

28
Q

Linnaean taxonomy:-

A

Basis of system used today. Made by Carl Linnaeus. Uses hierachy approach and a binomial system.

29
Q

Order for hierachical classification (use Dominic King Palethorpe Chokes On Families’ Gay Spunk)

A
Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order 
Family 
Genus
Species
30
Q

Hierarchical system exta info:-

A

Each feoup has unique features (discrete, no overlap). Organisms more closely related going down group.

31
Q

Binomial system:-

A

Capitalised gemus followed by lower case species. Written in italics or underlined.

32
Q

3 advs of binomial system:-

A

Unambiguous naming.
Based in Latin so avoids confusion of local common names and different languages.
Shows relation by sharing parts of names.

33
Q

Tentative nature of classification systems:-

A

Based on current knowledge so it may alter as new evidence emerges leading to organisms changing groups.

34
Q

Need for classification system (4):-

A
  • if a new animal is discovered, we can predict some of its other characteristics.
  • easier to identity organism by a name.
  • conservationists find it more useful to count families than species when describing changes in an ecosystem.
  • phylogenetic system allows us to infer evolutionary relationships by putting them in the same taxon.
35
Q

Taxon:-

A

A group within this classification hierachy and is a collection of organisms sharing basic features.

36
Q

3 domains:-

A

Bacteria(eubacteria):- often called true bacteria.
Archaea(archaeabacteria):extremophile bacteria.
Eukaryota.
3 DOMAIN THEORY.

37
Q

5 kingdoms:- (use FAPPP)

A
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Protoctista
Prokaryotae
38
Q

Prokaryotae:-

A

All bacteria.
All unicellular, no membrane bound organelles.
Murein cell wall

39
Q

Protoctista:-

A

May have characteristics of animal or plant cells or both. Mostly unicell but can be multi(seaweed or algae). Membrane bound organelles.

40
Q

Plantae:-

A

Plants

41
Q

Fungi:-

A

Can be uni (yeast) or multi (mushroom). Chitin cell walls.

42
Q

Animalia

A

Animals

43
Q

Classes:-

A
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles 
Birds
Mammals
44
Q

Homologous structures:-

A

Structures that all share a common form. Used w/molecular data to construct phylogenetic trees. Derived from common ancestor, structurally the same but may be adapted to a diff function.

45
Q

Homologous structure example:-

A

Pentadactyl limb (5 digits) found in mammals, birds reptiles and amphibians. E.g. Human arm and bird wing structurally the same but have adaptation to a different function.

46
Q

Divergent evolution:-

A

When a common ancestral structure evolves to perform different functions.

47
Q

Analogous structures:-

A

Have the same function but don’t share the same structure and aren’t derived from a common ancestor.

48
Q

Convergent evolution:-

A

The tendency of unrelated organisms to acquire similar physical structures (in response to their environment).

49
Q

Species:-

A

A group of organisms with similar physical characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

50
Q

Gel electrophoresis:-

A

DNA fragments or proteins are displayed as bands on an electrophoresis gel. DNA SEQUENCING. Can reduce mistakes made in classification due to convergent evolution.