Classification and Evolution Qs

Question 1

State two responses that some plants use to defend themselves from herbivory.

Answer 1

folding and stings

Question 2

Suggest how the lactose intolerance phenotype came to be present in only 5% of a population like the
Europeans, but came to be present in 97% of the Australian aborigines. Use the information given above and
knowledge of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.

Answer 2

europeans-
.gene pool included non-intolerance allele
.milk acted as a selection pressure
.people with the mutated allele was most likely to survive and pass on their genetics
.this causes directional selection
.mutant alleles accumulated in the gene pool
.allele is dominant

Australian:
.pre-agricultual population so no selection for mutant allele
.no mammals to produce milk
.its a island so there are no borders for mammals to come through
.no contact with non aboriginal people
.so no gene flow and no selection pressure

Question 3

Genetically modified plants and animals should be classed as new species’.
Outline one experiment or investigation that would provide evidence to support or contradict the statement.

Answer 3

breed genetically modified stock with non-modified stock
.see if offspring is fertile
.if so they should be considered the same species

Question 4

Explain why bats and birds, despite not being closely related, have both evolved wings

Answer 4

.silimlar lifestyle, selection pressures and wings were a advantage for survival

Question 5

A researcher made the following claim:
‘The common pipistrelle and soprano pipistrelle must be distinct species.’
Evaluate the researcher’s claim by using the evidence in Table 5.1 to support and to challenge the researcher’s
conclusion

Answer 5

dissagree:
.they have the same mean body mass so could be the same species
.same colour so could be the same species
.could be caused by enivromental reasons meaning that both species would be genetically similar

agree:
.echolocation ranges do not overlap
.this shows genetic differences between populations
.different species are likely to have genetic differences

Question 6

Explain how biological molecules can provide evidence that species have evolved.
You should refer to different types of molecule in your answer

Answer 6

.DNA can be used as two species with a similar squence of DNA can show a evolutionary relationship

.Cytochrome C can be used as two species with similar primary protein squences for Cyto C shows that they have a evolutionary relationship

Question 7

Explain how carbon dioxide produced in the respiring body cells of worker termites is removed to the air
outside the termite mound.

Answer 7

.CO2 diffues down conc gradient out of respiring cell
.carried through body from cell by blood passing out via spiracles
.respiration generates heat
.hot gases expand and are less dense so rise up to the vents at the top

Question 8

The name Dicerorhinus sumatrensis is part of the binomial naming system.
State an advantage of using this system rather than using the common name, Sumatran rhinoceros.

Answer 8

it is universal

Question 9

Explain why the size of N. thermarum is an example of continuous variation.

Answer 9

.there is a range of values
.the evolution is influenced by enviroment and is influenced by more then two genes

Question 10

State three reasons why the three-domain classification system is now used in preference to the fivekingdom system.

Answer 10

.3 domains fits phylogeny better
.there are many differences between prokarytotes and eukaryotes
.there are differences between bacteria and archaea

Question 11

The letter ‘A’ on the figure represents a group of organisms called slime moulds.
With reference to the figure, discuss the classification of slime moulds and include the range of evidence on
which this classification might be based.

Answer 11

.classified as eukaryote due to its amino acid squences
.amino acid squences are distinct to the other kingdoms
.amino acid squence is more similar to plants and fungi

Question 12

Define the term phylogeny and explain how phylogeny is related to classification. Use the two lynx species
as examples

Answer 12

.the evolutionary relationship between species
.it is the basis of classification
.amino acid squence is used as evidence to classify
.L.lynx and L.pardinus are similar to have been placed in the same genus

Question 13

Fossils provide strong evidence that organisms have evolved over time.
Describe other types of evidence that support the theory of evolution.

Answer 13

.similarities in DNA
.similarities in nucleotide sequence
.similarites in cytochrome c
.similarites in amino acid sequnce
.similarites of any above shows a close relationship

Question 14

The difference in the observed numbers from the cross compared with the expected numbers has not
occurred by chance. Suggest a genetic explanation for this difference.

Answer 14

.alleles are linked on the same chromosome
.linked alleles inherited together

Question 15

Discuss whether the ability to produce nicotine can be considered a selective advantage or a selective
disadvantage to Nicotiana plants.

Answer 15

.it is a advantage
.it stops the plant from being eaten
.so the plant survives
.the gene has to be advantageous to be selected for

Question 16

B. pratorum and B. terrestris both live in Britain. They can often be found in the same location, as their
geographical distributions overlap.
Use Fig. 2.1 and Table 2.1 to evaluate the extent to which the two species may compete.

Answer 16

.not much competition
.as they feed on different flowers
.which vary in proportions of pollen and nectar they collect
.they also feed at diff times

Question 17

Use Fig. 2.1 and Table 2.1, and the information given on page 7, to suggest how an ancestral species might
have evolved into the two species, B. pratorum and B. terrestris

Answer 17

.they were isolated
.they visit different flowers and at different flower location