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Biological molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

formation of the chitin
molecule

A

.glycosidic bonds formed by condensation
.H2O is released
.alternate monomers are flipped
.due to the postion of OH/H on C1

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2
Q

carbohydrate molecules used to store energy in plants and animals.

A

animals: starch

plant: glycogen

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3
Q

glucose

A

.used in respiration to release energy
.large molecules so are insoluble and do not affect water potential
.1-4 glycosidic bonds, easy to break to release glucose
.coiled shape, compact so take up less space in cell

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4
Q

amylose and amlyopectin

A

.amylose unbranched
.amylopectin with few branches
.as there is no need for rapid release in plant

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5
Q

glycogen

A

.more branched
.allows for more rapid release of monomers in animals

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6
Q

lipids

A

.more c-c bonds = more energy rich = more energy stored in less space
.insoluble = do not effect water potential
.fatty acids are long c chains = can be broken down to release 2 C groups
.animal fats are saturated = harder = role in protection

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7
Q

molecular structure of cholesterol is similar to the molecular structure of
glucose.

A

.both contain C and H atoms
.contain O atoms
.have a OH group

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8
Q

physical property of glucose that allows it to be easily transported in the bloodstream.

A

water soluble

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9
Q

why mammals store glycogen instead of glucose.

A

.glycogen is insoluble so has no effect on water potential
.it is metabolocally inactive
.it is compact so lots can be stored in a small space
.able to store large amo of energy
.can be broken down for rapid release of glucose

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10
Q

structual similaritties between lactose and maltose

A

.two hexoses
.1-4 glycosidic bonds
.two CH2OH
.contain C,H,O

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11
Q

structual differences between lactose and maltose

A

lactose-
.glucose + galactose
.contains b-glucose
.b-glycosidic bond
.sugars are flipped

maltose-
.only glucose
.a-glucose
.a-glycosidic bonds
.sugars are same direction

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12
Q

how the structure of galactose allows it to be used as a respiratory substrate

A

.bonds contain energy
.bonds can be broken by enzymes
.soluble so can move
.H/OH can form H bonds with water

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13
Q

why lactose is unable to cross membranes.

A

.too big
.unable to pass phospholipids

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14
Q

properties of cellulose that make it suitable as the basis of plant cell walls.

A

.insoluble
.unreactive
.high tensile strength
.flexible
.can form H bonds

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15
Q

similarites and differences of chitin and glycogen

A

same:
.polymers
.have C6 sugars
.have 1-4 glycosidic bonds

difference:
.chitin has b-glycosidic bonds
.chitin has nitrogen
.no 1-6 GB in chitin
.no branching in chitin

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16
Q

property of glucose that allows it to be easily transported in animals.

A

soluble/polar

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17
Q

how the structure of glycogen differs from that of amylopectin

A

.more branched
.more coiled
.so more compacted

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18
Q

differences between the structures of callose and cellulose.

A

callose:
.1-3 and 1-6 GB
.branched
.helical
.alternate glucose arent fliped 180

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19
Q

how the structure of phospholipids allows them to form the bilayer of a plasma membrane.

A

.hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
.tails repelled by water
.head forms H bond with water
.outside and inside of plasma membrane is aqueous

20
Q

functions of triglycerides in living organisms

A

.production of phospholipids
.energy source for respiration
.energy storage
.thermal insulation

21
Q

pattern of the melting points of methyl esters

A

.fewer H = lower melting points
.less uniformly packed so takes lower temp for melting

22
Q

how the fatty acids in phospholipids allow the formation of membranes.

A

.fatty acids are hydrophobic
.phospholipid bilayer formed
.tails on the inside

23
Q

why lipids can increase the buoyancy of aquatic
animals.

A

.lipids are less dense than protein

24
Q

hydrolysis.

A

.using water to break bonds
.E.G. breaking 3 ester bonds in triglyceride

25
Q

Sulfur atoms are required for the synthesis of which type of biological molecule?

A

protein/polypeptide

26
Q

amino acid general structure

A

NH2 = amine group
COOH = hydroxyl group

27
Q

bonds between amino acids

A

.peptide bond
.from condensation reaction

28
Q

conjugated protein

A

.contains non-protein groups
.has prosthetic group like iron ion
.P group is attached by covalent bonds
.

29
Q

similarities between the structures of
rubredoxin and haemoglobin.

A

.proteins contain polypeptide chains
.contain sulphur atoms

30
Q

state two other differences between the structures
of rubredoxin and haemoglobin.

A

.haemoglobin is a larger molecule
.haemoglobin has haem groups

31
Q

how a strucuture of haemoglobin differ across animals

A
  • difference in primary structure
  • different amino acid sequence
  • one amino acid changed
  • amino acid change could cause
    change to secondary structure
  • initial coiling or folding of polypeptide chain
  • α-helix
  • β-pleated sheet
    .H bonding
  • amino acid change could cause
    change to tertiary structure
  • further coiling of secondary structure
  • ionic bonding
  • disulphide bonds
  • hydrophilic / hydrophobic bonds
  • 3D shape.
  • amino acid change has not changed
    quaternary structure
  • alpha and beta subunits still able to
    form haemoglobin in both
32
Q

haemoglobin dissociation
curve

A

.to the left = haem need more affinity for oxygen so can pick up oxy at lower partial pressure

33
Q

properties of a fibrous protein that are different from those of a globular protein.

A

.insoluble
.strong
.unreactive
.elongated

34
Q

functions of fibrous

A

.gives strucutre as collagen in bone
.gives strucutre inconnective tissue
.gives strucutre in skin and blood vessels
.gives protection keratin in skin and hair
.gives elasticity to blood vessels
.for contraction in muscle

35
Q

functions of globular

A

.catalyse reactions- enzymes
.hormones for cells signalling
.fibrinogen in blood clotting
.transport across cell membrane (carrier/channel)
.transport in bloof
.to package DNA

36
Q

why collagen is a fibrous protein.

A

.is a long chain of amino acids
.no tertiary structure
.insoluble

37
Q

why collagen is such a strong molecule.

A

due to many H bonds

38
Q

bond for cysteine amino acids

A

disulfide bonds

39
Q

Plan a method to compare the amino acids present in the urine of a person who has been following one of
these diets with that of a person who has not.

A

.paper chromatography
.set blots of the two urine samples
.separate with solvent
,use stain to visualise spots
.compare patterns

40
Q

Name the type of monomer from which collagen is made and explain how two such monomers are joined
together.

A

.amino acid
.joined by peptide bond between amine group and carboxyl group of diff amino acids
.water is produced

41
Q

rf value

A

distance traveled by compound/distance traveled by solvent front

42
Q

why water is a good solvent

A

.molecules are polar
.which enables water molecules to bind to solute molecules

43
Q

Suggest what roles these may play in helping the cut flowers to last longer.

A

Hydrogen- regulates pH

sodium- regulates water potential

44
Q

Explain how properties relating to the density of water contribute to the survival of organisms.

A

.ice is less dense than water so floats
.ice provides habitat for some animals
.ice insulates the water below so aquatic animals can move

45
Q

Outline the properties of water which make it an ideal habitat for an amphibian.

A

.high specific heat- temp stability
.high density- so frog floats

BIO (10 decks)

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